Fallen Angels Balthasar Bekker, Spirit Belief, and Confessionalism i
Dutch Reformed pastor Balthasar Bekker (1634-1698) has long been recognized as a key figure in the end of the witchcraft persecutions in early modern Europe. With the publication of his monumental four-volume work The World Bewitched Bekker argued against
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ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS
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FALLEN ANGELS Balthasar Bekker, Spirit Belief, and Confessionalism in the Seventeenth Century Dutch Republic by ANDREW FIX
Founding Directors: P. Dibont (Paris) and R.H. Popkin (Washington University, St. Louis & UCLA)
Director: Sarah Hutton (The University of Hertfordshire. United Kingdom) Assistant-Directors: J.E. Force (Lexington): J.C. Laursen (Riverside) Editorial Board: J.F. Battail (Paris): F. Duchesneau (Montreal): A. Gabbcy (New York): T. Gregory (Rome): J.D. North (Groningen): M.J. Petry (Rotterdam): J. Popkin (Lexington): G.A.J. Rogers (Keele): Th. Verbeek (Utrecht) Advisory Editorial Board: J. Aubin (Paris); B. Copenhaver (Los Angeles): A. Crombie (Oxford); H. Gadamer (Heidelberg); H. Gouhier (Paris); K. Hanada (Hokkaido University): W. Kirsop (Melbourne); P.O. Kristeller (Columbia University); E. Labrousse (Paris): A. Lossky (Los Angeles): J. Malarczyk (Lublin); J. Orcibal (Paris): W. Rod (Miinchen): G. Rousseau (Los Angeles): H. Rowen (Rutgers University, N.J.): J.P. Schobinger (Zurich); J. Tans (Groningen)
ANDREW FIX Lafayette College, Easton, PA , U.S.A.
FALLEN ANGELS Balthasar Bekker, Spirit Belief, and Confessionalism in the Seventeenth Century Dutch Republic
SPRINGER-SCJENCE+B USTNESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5285-8
ISBN 978-94-017-1531-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1531-7
Printed on acidfree paper
Ali Rights Reserved © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by K1uwer Academic Publishers in 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
For Adam, the new man.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................ ix
PART ONE: BEKKER AND HIS IDEAS CHAPTER ONE
Balthasar Bekker and the Spirit Debate ............................................................. 3 CHAPTER Two
Bekker, the Sabbath, and Dutch Reformed Confessionalism ...... ........... ............ 13 CHAPTER THREE
Cartesianism and the Spirit Controversy ........................................................... 35 CHAPTER FouR
The Friesian Hercules ........................................................................................
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PART TWO: REACTION TO BEKKER'S IDEAS CHAPTER FIVE
Bekker's Opponents: Confessionalism Under Siege and Cartesianism in Crisis ................................ 83 CHAPTER SIX
Cats Not to be Touched Without Gloves: Eric Walten and other Supporters of Bekker .................................................... 107
CONCLUSION: 1HE DEEP STRUCTIJRE OFTIIE SPIRIT DEBA1E CHAPTER SEVEN
Most Attacked and Least Defeated: Confessionalism, Anti Con
