Properties of sago waste charcoal using hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Properties of sago waste charcoal using hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization Herman Siruru 1,2 & Wasrin Syafii 1 & I. Nyoman J. Wistara 1 & Gustan Pari 3 & Ismail Budiman 4 Received: 15 June 2020 / Revised: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 26 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The thermochemical biomass conversion has widely used because it is considered environmentally friendly and carried out at low temperatures and pressure to reduce costs. Hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization are two kinds of biomass conversion that widely practiced in the current time. In this study, hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization was carried out using sago wastes in bark and pith form. The purpose of this research was to compare the charcoal properties between chars from hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization. In this study, the carbonization process was conducted in two methods, i.e., hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization. The hydrothermal carbonization was performed with a temperature of 250 °C for 4 h, using rotary digester with water as a medium. While the pyrolysis carbonization was conducted with a temperature of 400 °C for 5 h, using a vacuum electrically heated tube as a reactor. The characterization of chars performed was proximate and elemental analysis; iodine number; calorific value; Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR); X-ray diffraction (XRD); scanning electron microscope (SEM); Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET); and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Pyr-GC-MS). The results showed that the iodine adsorption capacity, surface area, and pore volume of chars from hydrothermal were higher than pyrolysis. In contrast, the calorific value of chars from pyrolysis was higher than the chars from hydrothermal. Based on results, chars from hydrothermal can be used as a precursor of activated charcoal specifically for adsorbent, while chars from pyrolysis are potential energy sources. Keywords Sago waste . Charcoal . Hydrothermal carbonization . Pyrolysis carbonization . Characteristics
1 Introduction One of the lignocellulosic biomass rich in carbohydrates has high potential in Indonesia, and several Southeast Asian countries are sago (Metroxylon sp.). This plant has economic value because it can produce flour, used as a food ingredient [1]. Utilizing sago plants as food material produces waste, which is three times the amount of starch [2]. The existence of this * Herman Siruru [email protected] 1
Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, IPB University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
2
Departement of Forestry, Faculty of Agricultural, UNPATTI, Ambon 97233, Indonesia
3
Forest Research and Development Agency, Gunung Batu, Bogor 16118, Indonesia
4
Research Center for Biomaterials LIPI, Jl Raya Bogor km 46 Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
sago plant waste which is large enough to provide opportunities to utilize in other fields, such as renewable energy sources. Previous research has shown that sago plant waste contains
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