FBG performance enhancement for sensing and EDFA gain flattening applications
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FBG performance enhancement for sensing and EDFA gain flattening applications John A. Bebawi1 · Eman A. Elzahaby1,2 · Ishac Kandas1,3 · M. El Osairy1 · Moustafa H. Aly4 Received: 2 January 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The importance of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is rapidly increasing due to their wide variety of applications. We present herein a full analytical study related to a simple optimization of the performance of FBGs for sensing applications and erbiumdoped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain flattening. In sensing applications, such as strain and temperature change detection, the most important issues are the sensitivity of the sensing process and the maximum value that can be sensed before saturation. Here, we optimized the FBG parameters to obtain the best sensing performance. EDFA gain flattening is performed using one long-period fiber grating and one uniform tilted fiber Bragg grating to compensate the narrow and wide peaks in the EDFA gain variation with input signal wavelength for an Al/P-silica EDFA, respectively. Two different input signal powers are used, applying our flattening technique in each case. The best peak-to-peak value reached is 0.87 dB, corresponding to a flattening efficiency of 81.17%. The validity of this flattening technique is also evaluated through an intensive comparison with other types of EDFAs, where the flattening efficiency is illustrated and compared in each case. We thus optimize FBG performance in a new and simple way for application in sensing and gain flattening applications. Keywords Optical amplifiers · Fiber Bragg grating · Temperature sensors · Erbium-doped fiber amplifier · Gain flattening
1 Introduction * Moustafa H. Aly [email protected] John A. Bebawi [email protected] Eman A. Elzahaby [email protected] Ishac Kandas [email protected] M. El Osairy [email protected] 1
Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
2
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Egypt–Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
3
Kuwait College of Science and Technology (KCST), 13133 Doha District, Safat, Kuwait
4
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, AbouKir, P.O.B. 1029, Alexandria, Egypt
In optical communication systems, FBGs can be used as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) devices and dispersion compensators [1]. FBGs are also excellent sensor elements for detecting changes in temperature, strain, and external pressure [2, 3, 4, 5], using either reflection or transmission spectra. For acoustic emission (AE) detection, piezo-type sensors (PZT) can be used. Due to the drawbacks of PZT [5], FBGs have become promising sensor elements for AE due to their favorable simplicity, small size, multiplexing possibility, and high sensitivity [4, 6]. Changes
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