FCM clustering and FLS based CH selection to enhance sustainability of wireless sensor networks for environmental monito
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
FCM clustering and FLS based CH selection to enhance sustainability of wireless sensor networks for environmental monitoring applications Anagha Rajput1 · Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu1 Received: 25 January 2019 / Accepted: 30 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are the physical monitoring infrastructure of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. For IoT based monitoring systems, the WSNs need to be sustainable with a maximum number of alive nodes so that the monitoring is effective. The sensor nodes are battery-driven and hence energy efficiency is one of the major challenges. Based on the clustering methods and the selection of Cluster Head (CH), the energy consumption of the sensor nodes can be minimized. In this research work, a clustering protocol based on fuzzy techniques is proposed to improve the stability and sustainability of WSN. Fuzzy techniques are used to tackle uncertainties occurring in wireless sensor networks. Clusters are formed based on Fuzzy-c-means (FCM) algorithm. The aim is to group the nodes properly so as to reduce intra-cluster communication distances. The CHs are then selected based on the Fuzzy Logic System (FLS). The performance of the proposed protocol is observed for an increase in the coverage area and node density. The proposed protocol is also analyzed for different sink locations. Due to better network stability and sustainability, the proposed protocol can be used for large scale IoT based monitoring systems. Keywords Cluster head (CH) · Fuzzy-c-means (FCM) · Fuzzy logic system (FLS) · Stability · Sustainability · Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
1 Introduction Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are newly researched because it can be widely used for Internet of Things (IoT) based monitoring systems. Applications like precision agriculture, industrial-IoT, home automation, e-health care systems, etc. are been developed in recent years (Curry and Smith 2016; Stankovic 2014). WSNs are the special Ad Hoc networks and can be deployed instantly and anywhere (Khan et al. 2016). WSNs are predominantly used in monitoring applications to observe activities happening in the Field of Interest (FOI). In Kumar and Ilango (2018) and Ojha et al. (2015), experimental setups for farmland monitoring systems are discussed, which gives a glimpse of trending WSNs for precision agriculture. A pervasive framework for e-health * Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu [email protected] 1
School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
care systems is been developed as studied by Riazul et al. (2015). Readers can refer (Liu et al. 2017; Minoli et al. 2017; Owojaiye and Sun 2013) for various monitoring applications based on WSN and IoT technology. For environmental monitoring applications, the network structure consists of sensor nodes deployed in given FOI as shown in Fig. 1. The sensor nodes are divided into clusters. A Cluster Head (CH) node is then selected in each cluster. Th
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