Felt heaviness is used to perceive the affordance for throwing but rotational inertia does not affect either
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Felt heaviness is used to perceive the affordance for throwing but rotational inertia does not affect either Qin Zhu • Kevin Shockley • Michael A. Riley Michael T. Tolston • Geoffrey P. Bingham
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Received: 26 January 2012 / Accepted: 5 October 2012 / Published online: 26 October 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
Abstract Bingham et al. discovered a perceptible affordance property, composed of a relation between object weight and size, used to select optimal objects for longdistance throwing. Subsequent research confirmed this finding, but disconfirmed a hypothesis formulated by Bingham et al. about the information used to perceive the affordance. Following this, Zhu and Bingham investigated the possibility that optimal objects for throwing are selected as having a particular felt heaviness. The results supported this hypothesis. Perceived heaviness exhibits the size–weight illusion: to be perceived as equally heavy, larger objects must weigh more than smaller ones. Amazeen and Turvey showed that heaviness perception is determined by rotational inertia. We investigated whether rotational inertia would determine both perceived heaviness and throw-ability when spherical objects were held in
Q. Zhu (&) Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3196, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA e-mail: [email protected] K. Shockley M. A. Riley M. T. Tolston Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action and Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Riley e-mail: [email protected] M. T. Tolston e-mail: [email protected] G. P. Bingham Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA e-mail: [email protected]
the hand and wielded about the wrist. We found again that a particular judged heaviness corresponded to judged throw-ability. However, rotational inertia was found to have no effect on either judgment, suggesting that rotational inertia does not determine perceived heaviness of spherical objects held in the hand, as it did for the weighted-rod-type objects used by Amazeen and Turvey. Keywords
Affordance Throwing Rotational Inertia
Introduction An object of graspable size and liftable weight affords throwing. Bingham et al. (1989) investigated the perception of an affordance for throwing. In their study, spherical objects of different weights in a particular size were given to participants to judge the throw-ability, that is, the optimal weight for the size that could be thrown to a maximum distance. The task was intuitive, and participants exhibited strong preferences in each of four graspable sizes of objects. Participants hefted1 objects and selected larger weights in larger sizes. A week later, when participants were asked to throw every object (4 sizes 9 8 weights = 32 objects) as far as they could, the preferred objects were reliably thrown to the farthest distances 1
To heft an object, participants held it in the hand and osc
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