Fibrillation and characterization of lignin-containing neutral sulphite (NS) pulps rich in hemicelluloses and anionic ch
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Fibrillation and characterization of lignin-containing neutral sulphite (NS) pulps rich in hemicelluloses and anionic charge Saara Hanhikoski . Iina Solala . Panu Lahtinen . Klaus Niemela¨ . Tapani Vuorinen
Received: 28 January 2020 / Accepted: 13 May 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The potential of neutral sulphite pulps from softwood with different yields (c. 58–84%) and high residual lignin contents (c. 10–25 wt%) was investigated as a raw material for lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) by following their fibrillation during grinding. It was found that the lower yield (58–65%) pulps needed two grinding cycles to produce fibrillated fibers with water retention values (WRV) as high as 400 g/g (at the energy consumption level of 1400 kWh/t). In contrast, the high yield (77–84%) pulps fibrillated more slowly, requiring five grinding cycles to reach comparable WRV values. Apparently, higher crosslinking degrees of lignin in the high yield pulps are hampering the fibrillation, although the high hemicellulose contents Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03237-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S. Hanhikoski (&) P. Lahtinen K. Niemela¨ VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland e-mail: [email protected] Present Address: S. Hanhikoski Kemira Oyj, P.O. Box 44, FI-02271 Espoo, Finland I. Solala T. Vuorinen Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
(21–24 wt%) and the high charge densities (200–350 lmol/g, originating from carboxylic and sulphonic acid groups) of the pulps were expected to enhance the fibrillation. Nevertheless, regardless of the different fibrillation behaviour, most of the pulps formed c. 10–15% of nanosized material below 30 nm and significant amounts of fibrils with size under 100 nm based on the centrifugation method and FE-SEM images. As the pulps were of moderate to high yield and fibrillated easily without any chemical or enzymatic pretreatments, they show promise for costefficient production of LCNFs. The nanopapers prepared from the fibrillated pulps showed tensile strengths (73–125 MPa) comparable with the nanopapers from high yield mechanical pulps, whereas the water contact angles (41°–58°) were closer the those of chemical pulps. Keywords Galactoglucomannan Lignincontaining cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) Nanopaper Softwood Neutral sulphite pulp Sulphonic acid group
Introduction Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been one of the key research areas of cellulose chemistry for more than a decade, having notable potential in for example packaging, food and cosmetics applications. Despite
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Cellulose
the increasing production of CNFs at industrial scale, the high energy need for fibrillation remains one of the main challenges (Nechyporchuk et al. 2016)
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