Characterization of the Upper Atmosphere from Neutral and Electron Density Observations
Upper-atmospheric processes under different space weather conditions are still not well understood, and the existing models are far away from the desired operational requirements due to the lack of in-situ measurements input. The ionospheric perturbation
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Abstract
Upper-atmospheric processes under different space weather conditions are still not well understood, and the existing models are far away from the desired operational requirements due to the lack of in-situ measurements input. The ionospheric perturbation of electromagnetic signals affects the accuracy and reliability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), satellite communication infrastructures, and Earth observation techniques. Furthermore, the variable aerodynamic drag, due to variable thermospheric mass density, disturbs orbital tracking, collision analysis, and re-entry calculations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) objects, including manned and unmanned artificial satellites. In this paper, we use the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique to study and compare the main driverresponse relationships and spatial patterns of total electron content (TEC) estimates from 2003 to 2018, and total mass density (TMD) estimates at 475 km altitude from 2003 to 2015. Comparison of the first TEC and TMD PCA mode shows a very similar response to solar flux, but annual cycle shown by TEC is approximately one order of magnitude larger. A clear hemispheric asymmetry is shown in the global distribution of TMD, with higher values in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere. The hemispheric asymmetry is not visible in TEC. The persistent processes including a favorable solar wind input and particle precipitation over the southern magnetic dip may produce a higher thermospheric heating, which results in the hemispheric asymmetry in TMD. Keywords
Principal Component Analysis Thermospheric mass density Total electron content Upper atmosphere
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Introduction
The connection between solar drivers, Earth’s magnetosphere, and Ionosphere-Thermosphere (IT) phenomena in the upper atmosphere is very complex and dependent on many processes, including energy-absorption, ionization, and dissociation of molecules due to variable X-ray and Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) solar radiance (Calabia and Jin A. Calabia · S. Jin () School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
International Association of Geodesy Symposia, https://doi.org/10.1007/1345_2020_123, © The Author(s) 2020
2019). In addition, the variable solar wind plasma, combined with a favorable alignment of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), can produce aurora particle precipitation at high latitudes, which results in chemical reactions and Joule heating through collisions between electrically-charged and neutral particles. Consequences of upper-atmospheric conditions on human activity highlight the necessity to better understand and predict IT processes, potentially preventing detrimental effects to orbiting, aerial, and ground-based technologies. Charged particles (mostly free electrons in the ionosphere) are able to influence the propagation of electromagnetic radio waves in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), sate
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