Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials
This book is the first to deal comprehensively with the important topic of the fire behaviour of polymer composite materials. Composites are used in a diverse range of applications, including land and marine transport, aerospace, the chemical industry, an
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SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Volume 143 Series Editor:
G.M.L. GLADWELL Department of Civil Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3GI
Aims and Scope of the Series The fundamental questions arising in mechanics are: Why?, How?, and How much? The aim of this series is to provide lucid accounts written by authoritative researchers giving vision and insight in answering these questions on the subject of mechanics as it relates to solids. The scope of the series covers the entire spectrum of solid mechanics. Thus it includes the foundation of mechanics; variational formulations; computational mechanics; statics, kinematics and dynamics of rigid and elastic bodies: vibrations of solids and structures; dynamical systems and chaos; the theories of elasticity, plasticity and viscoelasticity; composite materials; rods, beams, shells and membranes; structural control and stability; soils, rocks and geomechanics; fracture; tribology; experimental mechanics; biomechanics and machine design. The median level of presentation is the first year graduate student. Some texts are monographs defining the current state of the field; others are accessible to final year undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity.
For a list of related mechanics titles, see final pages.
Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials by
A.P. MOURITZ RMIT University and CRC for Advanced Composite Structures Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and
A.G. GIBSON University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Centre for Composite Materials Engineering England, UK
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13
1-4020-5355-X (HB) 978-1-4020-5355-9 (HB) 1-4020-5356-8 (e-book) 978-1-4020-5356-6 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Table of Contents Preface
ix
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Introduction Background Fire reaction and fire resistance of composites Composites and fire Case studies of composites in fire Concluding remarks References
1 3 5 9 17 18
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Thermal Decomposition of Composites in Fire Introduction Thermal decomposition mechanisms of organic polymers Rate processes and characterisation of decomposition Polymers and their decomposition processes Fire damage to composites Concluding remarks References
19 20 23 25 47 55 56
3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10
Fire Reaction Properties of Composites Introduction Time-to-ignition Heat release rate Extinction flammability i
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