Firearms and Protective Orders in Intimate Partner Homicides
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Firearms and Protective Orders in Intimate Partner Homicides Vivian H. Lyons 1,2
& Avanti Adhia
2,3
& Caitlin Moe
2,4
4
& Mary A. Kernic & Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
2,4
& Frederick P. Rivara
2,3,4
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract To determine differences among intimate partner homicides (IPH) by whether or not a firearm was used in and whether a protective order (PO) was filed prior to IPH. We identified all incidents of IPH recorded in the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2018, based on the relationship between victim and perpetrator. We characterized incidents, perpetrators and victims in IPH cases by whether or not a firearm was used, and whether a PO had been sought or issued prior to the IPH. We identified 8375 IPH incidents with a total of 9130 victims. Overall 306 (3.3%) victims were killed in a firearm IPH with PO, 4519 (53.9%) in a firearm IPH without PO, 176 (2.1%) in a non-firearm IPH with PO and 3416 (40.7%) in a non-firearm IPH without PO. Based on review of incident narratives, 5.4% (n = 451) of incidents involved a previously-granted or sought PO, and none of which had explicitly mentioned firearm removal as a part of the PO. The majority of victims were killed with a firearm. Prior literature suggests that POs with firearm removal may be effective strategies for reducing risk of IPH, but we found no documentation in the narratives that firearm removal was a condition in the POs identified. As very few IPH narratives included documentation of a PO, it is likely that ascertainment of PO status is incomplete and could be an area for improvement in NVDRS data collection efforts. Keywords Intimate partner homicide . Firearm . Protection orders . Intimate partner violence
Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined by the World Health Organization as physical, sexual or emotional abuse, or controlling behavior perpetrated by a current or former intimate partner (World Health Organization, 2012). An estimated 1 in 4 women and 1 in 10 men experience some form of IPV in their lifetime in the United States (Breiding, Chen, & Black, 2010). The most severe form of intimate partner violence (IPV) is homicide, or intimate partner homicide (IPH).
* Vivian H. Lyons [email protected] 1
Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2
Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Box 359960, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
3
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
4
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
While the majority of homicide victims in the United States are male, approximately 60% of IPH victims are females (Paulozzi, Saltzman, Thompson, & Holmgreen, 2001). IPH alone accounts for over half of female homicides in the United States (Petrosky et al., 2017). IPH had largely be
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