First Protons in the ESS LINAC
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irst Protons in the ESS LINAC M. Eshraqia,*, L. Celonab, H. Danareda, C. Derreza, E. Donegania, T. Faya, S. Gamminob, A. Garcia Sosaa, B. Gålnandera, S. Haghtalaba, H. Hassanzadegana, A. Janssona, E. Lafacea, Y. Levinsena, M. Lindroosa, J. P. Martinsa, N. Milasa, R. Miyamotoa, M. Muñoza, L. Nerib, E. Nilssona, C. Plostinara, Y. Qinc, T. Sheaa, R. Tarkeshiana, and C. Thomasa aEuropean
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Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, 225 92 Sweden Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare–Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, 95125 Italy c Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China *e-mail: [email protected] Received July 9, 2019; revised August 31, 2019; accepted September 10, 2019
Abstract—The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, will be the world’s brightest neutron source, driven by a linear accelerator (LINAC) with an average beam power of 5 MW at 2.0 GeV beam energy. The LINAC accelerates a proton beam of 62.5 mA peak current at 4% duty cycle (2.86 ms at 14 Hz). The accelerator uses a normal conducting front-end bringing the beam energy to 90 MeV, beyond that the acceleration up to 2 GeV is performed using superconducting structures. The first protons were extracted at the ESS site during the commissioning of the ion source and low energy beam transport that started earlier this year and will continue to the next stage of the commissioning up to 21 MeV early next year. This paper gives an overview of the status of the ESS accelerator and the commissioning of the ion source and the low energy beam transport. Keywords: acceleration, protons, LINAC, commissioning, beam, accelerator physics DOI: 10.1134/S1027451020070137
INTRODUCTION For a high power linear accelerator (LINAC), such as the European Spallation Source (ESS) LINAC with an average power of 5 MW, proper tuning and measurements of the ion source and the low energy beam transport define an important and crucial step in paving the way for delivery of a high-quality beam to the rest of the accelerator. The beam commissioning of the ion source and low energy beam transport of ESS started in the in-kind partner lab, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare–Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN–LNS), in Italy [1–4]. The in-situ beam commissioning at the ESS site started in September 2018 and was concluded in July 2019 [5–9]. Production, installation and tests of the other parts of the LINAC were progressing in parallel both at the ESS site and at the in-kind partner labs. In this paper, we describe the in-situ ion source and low energy beam commissioning. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEMS The Ion Source and Low Energy Beam Transport The ion source of ESS is a microwave discharge ion source, capable of producing high current highbrightness H+ beams. Microwave discharge ion sources possess many advantages in terms of compact-
ness, high reliability, ability to operate pulsed or in continuous-wave mode, reproducibility and low maintenance. Microwave discharge ion sources differ from electron cyclotron reson
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