Flame retardant effect of lignin/carbon nanotubes/potassium carbonate composite coatings on cotton roving
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Flame retardant effect of lignin/carbon nanotubes/ potassium carbonate composite coatings on cotton roving Damian Łukawski . Wojciech Grzes´kowiak . Agnieszka Lekawa-Raus . Małgorzata Widelicka . Filip Lisiecki . Alina Dudkowiak
Received: 27 November 2019 / Accepted: 29 May 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A new composite flame retardant coating for cotton roving has been investigated. The proposed coating comprises natural lignin, pure carbon allotrope carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and non-toxic potassium carbonate (K2CO3). The series of complementary experiments, including thermogravimetric analysis, vertical burning in fire tube, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement and combustion in mass loss calorimeter enabled the formulation of an optimum composition including aqueous suspension with 1 wt% of CNTs, 1 wt% lignin (L) as well as 1 wt% of K2CO3. Applying L/CNT/K2CO3 on cotton roving
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03270-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. D. Łukawski (&) A. Dudkowiak Faculty of Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland e-mail: [email protected] W. Grzes´kowiak Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-628 Poznan, Poland A. Lekawa-Raus Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland M. Widelicka F. Lisiecki Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-179 Poznan, Poland
increased LOI from 17.1 to 38.5%, decreased final mass loss and temperature during vertical burning from 100 to 78% and 457 to 190 °C, respectively. Moreover, peak heat release rate and total heat released dropped from 97.5 to 70.4 kW/m2 and from 4.2 to 1.6 MJ/m2, respectively . The above experiments supported by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy allowed also the explanation of the complementary mechanisms responsible for the overall fire retardant effect. Keywords Cotton Carbon nanotubes Coating Flame retardant Lignin Potassium carbonate
Introduction Cellulose, the main compound of cotton fibers, is the most abundant biopolymer largely used for environmental protection, water treatment, biomedical applications, food packaging, textile industry, civil engineering and others (Vroman and Tighzert 2009). Cellulose is composed of two anhydroglucose rings (C6H10O5)n with linear homopolymer of glucopyranose residues connected by b-1,4-glycosidic bond. The combustion of cellulose begins with its pyrolysis (Shen et al. 2011). At low temperature the initial process is delayed, which leads to a reduction in the degree of polymerization and formation of active cellulose (Shen and Gu 2009). High temperature
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Cellulose
pyrolysis of cellulose is developed through two competitive degradation reactions: the first one is the formation of char and gas, and second one is leads mostly to formation of tar
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