Study on preparation and properties of agricultural waste bagasse eco-type bio-flame-retardant/epoxy composites
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Study on preparation and properties of agricultural waste bagasse eco‑type bio‑flame‑retardant/epoxy composites Ming‑Yuan Shen1 · Chen‑Feng Kuan2 · Hsu‑Chiang Kuan2 · Cing‑Yu Ke3 · Chin‑Lung Chiang3 Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 15 October 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract We used agricultural waste bagasse as a flame retardant to improve the flammability problem of epoxy. A ring-opening reaction was conducted on the hydroxyl group of bagasse and the epoxy of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) to form TGIC-bagasse. Subsequently, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) was incorporated, and the active hydrogen of DOPO reacted with the epoxy group of TGIC to form bagasse@TGIC@DOPO, and this flame retardant was introduced to the epoxy matrix to prepare a composite material with an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the UL-94, thermal analysis-FT-IR (TA-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to identify structural, thermal, and flameretardant properties and toxicity and char analysis. The TGA results revealed that the char yield increased from 14.1 mass% of epoxy to 23.4 mass% after bagasse@TGIC@DOPO was added, thereby improving the thermal stability of compound materials. The LOI and UL-94 indicated that after adding, the LOI and UL-94 improved from 21 (fail) to 29 (V-0). These results revealed that epoxy/bagasse@TGIC@DOPO IPN composite material had a strong flame-retardant effect. Keywords Agricultural waste product · Bagasse · Epoxy · Flame retardant · Interpenetrating polymer network
Introduction With technological advancement in recent years, the need for polymeric material materials has grown. Polymers are nearly everywhere in our lives. However, fires in public places or at home may result in casualties and property losses. Fires in general fireproof buildings occur in five stages: the incipient, growth, flashover, fully developed, and decay stages. The time from when a fire begins to burn until flashover occurs is the flashover time, the length of which affects whether individuals inside the building can successfully escape from a fire and the difficulty of rescue by firefighters. Once a flashover occurs inside a building, all combustible * Chin‑Lung Chiang [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
2
Department of Food Beverage Management, Far East University, Tainan 744, Taiwan
3
Green Flame Retardant Material Research LaboratoryDepartment of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
materials burn fully, and indoor temperatures rise from 200–300 to 800–1200 °C. Consequently, individuals have an extremely slim chance of surviving in spaces where a flashover occurs. Therefore, delaying or preventing flashover or enabling firefighters to conduct various emergency responses before fla
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