Flood dynamics dictate distributions of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) on a riverine floodplain
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Flood dynamics dictate distributions of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) on a riverine floodplain Natalie M. West . Ann Marie Reinhold Erin K. Espeland
. Geoffrey C. Poole
.
Received: 1 October 2019 / Accepted: 23 August 2020 This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020
Abstract North American invasions of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) are still expanding, and hydrochory could be increasing invasion impacts along rivers. Spatial association between riverine flood-inundation patterns and E. angustifolia distributions suggests a link between seed movement potential and invasion patterns in time and space. Using output from hydraulic inundation models, we mapped inundation zones associated with successive flood return intervals within 10.81 km2 of the estimated 500-year floodplain of the Yellowstone River, Montana, USA.
Natalie M. West and Ann Marie Reinhold have contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02352-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. N. M. West (&) E. K. Espeland USDA-ARS Pest Management Research Unit, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, Sidney, MT, USA e-mail: [email protected] A. M. Reinhold G. C. Poole Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA A. M. Reinhold G. C. Poole Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
We then evaluated spatial relationships among inundation zones and E. angustifolia distribution. Elaeagnus angustifolia was highly spatially associated with frequent flood return intervals: 80% of E. angustifolia exists within a subset of the floodplain predicted to flood every 10 years or less, with the highest occupancy in the 1.5- to 5-year return zones. Within frequently inundated areas, floodplain occupancy of E. angustifolia was distributed in patterns consistent with likely areas of sediment deposition. Thus, existing predictions of invasion timelines are likely to improve with explicit consideration of dispersal opportunities associated with hydrochory during flooding. In particular, if hydrochory is a significant secondary dispersal mechanism, then seed immigration at flood intervals of 5 years or less could lead to substantially shorter invasion lags than currently predicted. Keywords Hydrochory Dispersal Plant invasion Flood frequency River valley
Introduction Riparian invasions of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) are increasing across western North America with negative impacts on riparian plant communities, successional dynamics, and nutrient cycling (reviewed in Katz 2016; Katz and Shafroth
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2003; Shafroth et al. 2010). This large-seeded, N-fixing, shrub or small tree is predicted to have a 30-year invasion lag (Lesica and Mile
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