Flow and heat transfer of a second-grade hybrid nanofluid over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet
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Flow and heat transfer of a second-grade hybrid nanofluid over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet Nepal Chandra Roy1,a
, Ioan Pop2
1 Department of Mathematics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh 2 Department of Applied Mathematics, Babe¸s-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Received: 17 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The flow and heat transfer characteristics of a second-grade hybrid nanofluid over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet are investigated. Using similarity transformations, the governing equations are reduced to a set of differential equations. These equations have been solved utilizing nonlinear shooting method. It is found that the region of the existence of the dual solutions becomes wider for higher values of the suction parameter, non-Newtonian parameter, magnetic field parameter and volume fraction of Cu nanoparticles. Due to the increase of the suction parameter, non-Newtonian viscosity parameter and volume fraction of Cu nanoparticles, the velocity of the fluid significantly increases, whereas the temperature decreases. The results elucidated with streamlines show that the flow field can be consisted of three layers depending on the velocity ratio parameter which is defined as the ratio of velocities of the sheet and the free stream. In addition, stability analysis is carried out to determine the stable and unstable solutions of the problem. It is found that the upper solutions are stable and physically acceptable.
1 Introduction The energy-saving heat transfer is an important issue of many advanced technologies and industrial applications. Over decades, the conventional fluids, such as water, ethylene, triethylene glycols, refrigerants, oils and lubricants, biofluids, polymeric solutions, were used as heat transfer fluids. For low thermal conductivity, these fluids have a limit to the heat transfer. However, nanofluid which is a mixture of a base fluid and suspended nanoparticles possesses higher thermo-physical properties and enhances the heat transfer. Due to the increasing demand of advanced heat transfer method, a new generation fluid is developed by dispersing two different types of nanoparticles in the base fluid. This new type of heat transfer fluid is known as hybrid nanofluid, and it has relatively better thermo-physical properties and improved heat transfer characteristic than the base fluid and nanofluid. There are a lot of review studies on nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids in the literature. A thorough knowledge of the development, applications, challenges of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids can be acquired from the book [1] and review works [2–11]. As the hybrid nanofluid is a new topic of research, more investigation is required to have the fundamental understanding of the
a e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author)
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Eur. Phys. J. Plus
(2020) 135:768
heat transfer enhancement using hybrid nanofl
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