Forensic age estimation via magnetic resonance imaging of knee in the Turkish population: use of T1-TSE sequence
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Forensic age estimation via magnetic resonance imaging of knee in the Turkish population: use of T1-TSE sequence Oguzhan Ekizoglu 1,2 & Ali Er 3 & Mustafa Bozdag 3 & Can Doruk Basa 4 & Ismail Eralp Kacmaz 4 & Negahnaz Moghaddam 5,6 & Silke Grabherr 2 Received: 2 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The evaluation of epiphyseal areas by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for forensic age estimation is an important supportive diagnostic method to prevent repeated radiation exposure without a valid medical reason. There are still not enough individuals being analyzed with MRI for age estimation. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of T1-weighted turbo spin echo (T1-TSE) MRI sequences in determining the degree of ossification of the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses in a Turkish population. In this study, images from 649 patients (335 males and 314 females) aged 10–30 years were retrospectively evaluated with sagittal T1-weighted turbo spin echo (T1-TSE) MRI sequences of the knee. Proximal tibial and distal femoral epiphysis were scored by two different observers twice using the combined staging system described by Schmeling and Kellinghaus. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between age and ossification stages of the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses (p < 0.001). The intra- and inter-observer reliabilities in evaluating the femur and tibia were separately determined and gave promising results and Cohen’s kappa statistics ranged from κ = 0.886 and κ = 0.961. The minimal ages of patients with stage 4 ossification were 15.1 years for females and 15.8 years for males for the distal tibial epiphysis and 15.4 years for females and 17 years for males for the distal femoral epiphysis. This study show that (T1TSE) MRI and the applicability and Schmeling and Kellinghaus staging method of the knee can be performed for living 14- to 17-year-old individuals in need of a supportive noninvasive method for estimating forensic age. Keywords Age estimation . Distal femoral epiphysis . Proximal tibial epiphysis . Magnetic resonance imaging
Introduction
* Oguzhan Ekizoglu [email protected] 1
Department of Forensic Medicine, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Güney mahallesi 1140/1 Yenisehir, Konak, Izmir, Turkey
2
University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne Geneva, Switzerland
3
Department of Radiology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
4
Department of Orthopaedics, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
5
Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne - Geneva, Switzerland
6
Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, University Center of Legal Medicine , Lausanne - Geneva, Switzerland
Failure to submit a valid birth registration to legal authorities remains a problem for underdeveloped countries as well as a legal problem for immigrants from these and developed countries [1]. Forensic age estimation plays
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