Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny of atlantid heteropods (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea)
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(2020) 20:124
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny of atlantid heteropods (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea) Deborah Wall-Palmer1* , Arie W. Janssen1, Erica Goetze2, Le Qin Choo1,3, Lisette Mekkes1,3 and Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg1,3
Abstract Background: The aragonite shelled, planktonic gastropod family Atlantidae (shelled heteropods) is likely to be one of the first groups to be impacted by imminent ocean changes, including ocean warming and ocean acidification. With a fossil record spanning at least 100 Ma, atlantids have experienced and survived global-scale ocean changes and extinction events in the past. However, the diversification patterns and tempo of evolution in this family are largely unknown. Results: Based on a concatenated maximum likelihood phylogeny of three genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial DNA, 28S and 18S ribosomal rRNA) we show that the three extant genera of the family Atlantidae, Atlanta, Protatlanta and Oxygyrus, form monophyletic groups. The genus Atlanta is split into two groups, one exhibiting smaller, well ornamented shells, and the other having larger, less ornamented shells. The fossil record, in combination with a fossil-calibrated phylogeny, suggests that large scale atlantid extinction was accompanied by considerable and rapid diversification over the last 25 Ma, potentially driven by vicariance events. Conclusions: Now confronted with a rapidly changing modern ocean, the ability of atlantids to survive past global change crises gives some optimism that they may be able to persist through the Anthropocene. Keywords: Atlantidae, Planktonic gastropods, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, 28S and 18S ribosomal rRNA, Ocean change, Rapid diversification
Background The Atlantidae is a family of small (< 14 mm) marine predatory gastropods with a holoplanktonic mode of life (Fig. 1). Atlantids fall within the superfamily Pterotracheoidea, known commonly as heteropods, or sea elephants. Unlike the other two heteropod families (Carinariidae and Pterotracheidae), all three genera of the Atlantidae (Atlanta, Protatlanta and Oxygyrus) have thinwalled laterally compressed aragonite shells that are * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Plankton Diversity and Evolution, Nauralis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
broadened with a keel. A modified foot serves as a primary swimming fin, and the broad shell is used as a secondary swimming fin [1]. Together, the fin and the shell generate rapid and directed movement for prey capture and predator evasion. Atlantids are able to fully withdraw into their shell and seal the aperture with an operculum. They also have well developed eyes, a sucker on their fin for securing prey, and a proboscis, or trunk, which is used for reaching into the shells of prey, such as shelled pteropods [2–4]. It is clear that atlantids have remarkable and derived adaptations for a holoplanktonic lifestyle, however, their evolutionary history is larg
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