Foundations of Quantum Mechanics I
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w. Beiglbock E. H. Lieb T. Regge W. Thirring Series Editors
G. Ludwig
Foundations of Quantum Mechanics I Translated by Carl A. Hein
Springer-Verlag New Yark Heidelberg
Berlin
G. Ludwig
Carl A. Hein (Translator)
Institut fUr Theoretische Physik Universitat Marburg Renthof7 Federal Republic of Germany
Formerly with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory Lexington, MA U.S.A.
Editors
Wolf Beiglbock
Elliott H. Lieb
Institut fiir Angewandte Mathematik U niversitat Heidelberg 1m Neuenheimer Feld 5 0-6900 Heidelberg I Federal Republic of Germany
Department of Physics Joseph Henry Laboratories Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08540 U.S.A.
Tullio Regge
Walter Thirring
Istituto de Fisica Teorica Universita di Torino C. so M. d'Azeglio, 46 10125 Torino Italy
Institut fiir Theoretische Physik der Universitat Wien Boltzmanngasse 5 A-I090 Wien Austria
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ludwig, Gunther, 1918Foundations of quantum mechanics. (Texts and monographs in physics) Translation of: Die Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Quantum theory. I. Title. II. Series. 530.1'2 82-10437 QCI74.12.L8313 1982 ISBN 978-3-642-86753-8
ISBN 978-3-642-86751-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-86751-4
Original German edition: Die Grzmdlagen der QlIantenmechanik. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag, 1954.
© 1983 by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A. Typeset by Composition House Ltd., Salisbury, England.
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Dedicated to my wife
Preface
This book is the first volume of a two-volume work on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, and is intended as a new edition of the author's book Die Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik [37] which was published in 1954. In this two-volume work we will seek to obtain an improved formulation of the interpretation of quantum mechanics based on experiments. The second volume will appear shortly. Since the publication of [37] there have been several attempts to develop a basis for quantum mechanics which is, in the large part, based upon the work of J. von Neumann [38]. In particular, we mention the books ofG. W. Mackey [39], J. Jauch [40], C. Piron [41], M. Drieschner [9], and the original work ofS. P. Gudder [42], D. J. Foulis and C. H. Randall [43], and N. Zierler [44]. Here we do not seek to compare these different formulations of the foundations of quantum mechanics. We refer interested readers to [45] for such comparisons. In this book we shall seek only to develop a well-defined formulation for the foundations of quantum mechanics and to examine the implications of such a formulation towards the most important applications of quantum mechanics in a consistent manner. This formulation will be based only on the objective, that is, the so-called classical mode of description of the apparatuses. In this respect this book repre
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