Four mycelial strains of Entoloma clypeatum species complex form ectomycorrhiza-like roots with Pyrus betulifolia seedli
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Four mycelial strains of Entoloma clypeatum species complex form ectomycorrhiza‑like roots with Pyrus betulifolia seedlings in vitro, and one develops fruiting bodies 2 months after inoculation Manami Shishikura1 · Yoshihiro Takemura2 · Kozue Sotome3 · Nitaro Maekawa3 · Akira Nakagiri3 · Naoki Endo3 Received: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Entoloma clypeatum species complex (ECSC) forms ectomycorrhiza-like roots (EMLR) with host plant species of Rosaceae or Ulmaceae. The EMLR colonized with ECSC are characterized by a thick fungal mantle, absence of a Hartig net structure, and collapse of the apical meristem caused by hyphal invasion. Some researchers have suggested parasitism of ECSC because of this unique mode of colonization; however, the nature of the interaction between ECSC and host plants has not been investigated in co-culture because of the difficulty of culturing this group of fungi. We established a procedure to synthesize EMLR of ECSC on pear seedlings using fungal cultures. Three conspecific strains of ECSC isolated from basidiospores and one strain isolated from EMLR were tested. Cultured mycelia were inoculated onto a modified Norkrans’ C (MNC) or Hyponex-yeast-glucose (HYG) medium slant on the bottom of a polycarbonate jar and covered with autoclaved andosol or a vermiculite/sphagnum moss mixture (VSM); an axenically cultivated Pyrus betulifolia seedling was then planted in the jar. Five months after inoculation, the formation of EMLR with Hartig net-like hyphae was confirmed in all of the experimental plots. However, the rate of root colonization was significantly higher in experimental plots using andosol than in those using VSM. The growth of pear seedlings was similar irrespective of the level of root colonization, suggesting commensalism rather than parasitism of ECSC. One experimental plot using strain A3, an MNC slant, and andosol as a substrate produced ECSC fruiting bodies with mature basidia and basidiospores. The results suggested that our procedure enables the synthesis of EMLR of ECSC and cultivation of their fruiting bodies. Keywords Cultivation · Edible mushroom · Hartig net-like hyphae · Japanese pear · Mycorrhizal synthesis · Parasitism or commensalism
Introduction Mycorrhizae are symbiotic organs comprising fungal mycelia and plant roots in which bidirectional nutrient transfer occurs (Smith and Read 2008). Mycorrhizae are morphologically and anatomically categorized into at least seven * Naoki Endo endo_nao@tottori‑u.ac.jp; [email protected] 1
Graduate School of Sustainable Science, Tottori University, 4‑101 Koyama, Tottori 680‑8553, Japan
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4‑101 Koyama, Tottori 680‑8553, Japan
3
Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4‑101 Koyama, Tottori 680‑8553, Japan
types (Imhof 2009); the two major types are arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (EM). The EM type is cha
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