Foveal macular pigment dip in offspring of age-related macular degeneration patients is inversely associated with omega-
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Foveal macular pigment dip in offspring of age-related macular degeneration patients is inversely associated with omega-3 index Grant A. Rutledge1,2,3* , Steven G. Pratt1, Stuart P. Richer4, Byki Huntjens5, C. Blake Perry1, Gunilla Pratt1 and Carla Podella4
Abstract Background: Offspring of parent(s) with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a 45% lifetime risk of developing the disease. High foveal macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is protective, whereas individuals with a “foveal macular pigment dip” (FMPD) are at increased risk. Shortage of the dietary carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin as well as fish consumption are reported AMD risk factors. This Early Biomarkers of AMD (EBAMD) study evaluates serum factors that protect foveal MPOD architecture in Caucasian offspring of parent(s) with AMD. Methods: N = 130 subjects [mean (SD) age 62.8 (8.6) years; 36/94 male/female] were recruited from Scripps Health/ Scripps Memorial Hospital/ Scripps Mericos Eye Institute between 2012 and 2017. Macula pigment 3D topography was evaluated using specular reflectance. Buccal genetic cheek swab, circulating serum dietary carotenoids and long-term RBC omega-3 fatty acid status, as well as common secondary clinical structural and vision function parameters were obtained. Results: 41 % of offspring of AMD parent(s) presented with FMPD. These offspring were about 4 years younger than those without FMPD (controls; P = 0.012) and had thinner foveas (P = 0.010). There were no differences in gender, BMI, % body fat, visual acuity or contrast sensitivity between those with and without FMPD. % RBC membrane docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in FMPD offspring vs. control offspring (P = 0.04). The Omega3 Index was significantly decreased in the FMPD group (P = 0.03). Conclusions: The percentage of FMPD in AMD offspring is nearly twice that reported for the general population in the scientific literature. Offspring presenting FMPD had similar AMD genetic risk, but significantly reduced % RBC membrane omega-3 fatty acids and thinner foveas compared with those without FMPD. Our data supports the importance of ‘essential fatty’ acids as an independent AMD risk factor. Keywords: Macular pigment (MP), Macular pigment optical density (MPOD), Foveal macular pigment dip (FMPD), Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Omega-3 index
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA 2 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to t
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