Framingham Heart Study
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Failure ▶ Attribution Theory
Faith and Health ▶ Spirituality and Health
Faith Community Interventions ▶ Church-Based Interventions
Faith-Based Interventions ▶ Church-Based Interventions
obstacle or the weather, whereas health professionals relate it to intrinsic causes such as medications, medical reasons, or muscle strength. Although older people recognize inattention as important, neither group easily includes behavioral risks in their attribution. The WHO definition of behavioral fall-risk factors includes those concerning human actions, emotions, beliefs, and daily choices. These are potentially modifiable and include, for example, sedentary behaviors, management of medications, inclusion of appropriate exercise in weekly routines, and better choices in safe shoe selection. Behaviors can be examined from their contribution to causing falls to the crucial part they play in reducing fall risk. For example, an individual’s risk of falls is inexplicably related to the interaction between their mobility and balance capacity, their environmental demands and stressors, and their fall-risky lifestyle and behaviors.
Fall Risk Behavior
Description
Lindy Clemson Ageing, Work & Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Lidcombe, Australia
Fall-risk behaviors can be conceptualized as sequential events with a number of contributing factors which may be antecedents, present or consequential to the fall event. There has been some limited work in exploring risk behaviors surrounding the fall event, predictors of falls over time, personal characteristics, and socioeconomic and cultural influences. The consequences of falls can relate to the sequelae of injury, fear of falling, or reduced activity. Even for those who
Definition Older people tend to define a fall as loss of balance and attribute it to external factors such as an
M.D. Gellman & J.R. Turner (eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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experience slight injuries such as contusions there are frequently reported short-term physical function decreases and a loss of confidence. The earlier cohort studies on risk factors focused predominantly on intrinsic factors though several did identify reduced activity, leaving home less often, and in one cohort study, more than ten activities per week significantly increased fall risk. Older people who have fallen often attribute actions such as “hurrying,” “carelessness,” or “inattention” as causal fall behaviors. A longitudinal study following fallers over an 8-year period has shown that depression and lower levels of morale are associated with increasing fall rates (Anstey et al., 2008). It may be that depression can contribute to motor or cognitive disturbances that can predispose people to falls. One intervention study (Salminen, Vahlberg, Salonoja, Aarnio, & Kivela, 2009) provided psychosocial group support for persons assessed with depression which lessened depression, enhanced involvement in the exe
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