Free, Bounded, and Included in Humic Acids Amino Acids: Thermal Properties of Humic Acids from Cropping Systems
Almost all nitrogen in surface soil horizons is in organic form (0–90 %). Nevertheless, the chemical composition of nitrogen in organic soil fraction is not completely understood, and little is known of the factors affecting the distribution of organic ni
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Free, Bounded, and Included in Humic Acids Amino Acids: Thermal Properties of Humic Acids from Cropping Systems Lech Wojciech Szajdak, Irena Życzyńska-Bałoniak, and Kazimiera Wegner Abstract Almost all nitrogen in surface soil horizons is in organic form (0–90 %). Nevertheless, the chemical composition of nitrogen in organic soil fraction is not completely understood, and little is known of the factors affecting the distribution of organic nitrogen forms in soils. The continuous cropping and crop rotation influenced the amino acids and properties of humic acids (HA) in soil; these influenced the crop yields. The results indicated that the composition of bound amino acids depends on cropping system and on the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) from fertilizers. In the soils under continuous cropping, the NPK fertilizer strongly affected the bound amino acid content than manure 38 % vs. 25%, respectively, while the contents in soils under crop rotation were 41 and 27 %, respectively. Negative effects of continuous cropping on the content of total bound amino acids were decreased by NPK fertilization, but the manure application in continuous cropping of rye was less effective. Thus, NPK was the main driver causing changes in the total amounts of bound amino acids in HA. Crop yields of rye increase with an increase in organic N in bound amino acids and nitrogen in humic acids. The humic acids extracted from the soils under crop rotation and fertilized with NPK showed highest aliphatic properties, but the humic acids from soils fertilized with manure were most aromatic. Aromaticities of humic acids from soils under continuous cropping of rye fertilized with manure were higher than from crop rotation fertilized with NPK.
L.W. Szajdak (*) • I. Życzyńska-Bałoniak Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Str. Bukowska 19, 60-809 Poznań, Poland e-mail: [email protected] K. Wegner Department of Chemistry, Agriculture University, Str. Bernardyńska 6, 85-290 Bydgoszcz, Poland e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 L.W. Szajdak (ed.), Bioactive Compounds in Agricultural Soils, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43107-9_2
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The evidence gathered suggests strong linkages between the soil and fertilizer and manures’ quality affects the productivity. Achieving a balance between the agricultural production and conservation of natural resources is necessary to develop sustainable agricultural systems. Keywords Free and bunded amino acids • Humic acids • Thermal properties
2.1 Introduction The individual crop is affected by the cropping system in which it is grown. The ecological conditions are determined by many factors (soil, atmospheric environment, and cropping systems). The diversification of cropping systems leads to higher crop yields by influencing plant diseases, weeds, nutrient availability, and root distribution. Diversified crop rotations alter the pattern and degree of nutrient removal from
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