Freeform 3D printing of soft matters: recent advances in technology for biomedical engineering
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Freeform 3D printing of soft matters: recent advances in technology for biomedical engineering Shengyang Chen1 · Wen See Tan1 · Muhammad Aidil Bin Juhari1 · Qian Shi1 · Xue Shirley Cheng1,2 · Wai Lee Chan3 · Juha Song1,4 Received: 14 July 2020 / Revised: 4 September 2020 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 © Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engineering 2020
Abstract In the last decade, an emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technique named freeform 3D printing has revolutionized the biomedical engineering field by allowing soft matters with or without cells to be printed and solidified with high precision regardless of their poor self-supportability. The key to this freeform 3D printing technology is the supporting matrices that hold the printed soft ink materials during omnidirectional writing and solidification. This approach not only overcomes structural design restrictions of conventional layer-by-layer printing but also helps to realize 3D printing of low-viscosity or slow-curing materials. This article focuses on the recent developments in freeform 3D printing of soft matters such as hydrogels, cells, and silicone elastomers, for biomedical engineering. Herein, we classify the reported freeform 3D printing systems into positive, negative, and functional based on the fabrication process, and discuss the rheological requirements of the supporting matrix in accordance with the rheological behavior of counterpart inks, aiming to guide development and evaluation of new freeform printing systems. We also provide a brief overview of various material systems used as supporting matrices for freeform 3D printing systems and explore the potential applications of freeform 3D printing systems in different areas of biomedical engineering. Keywords Additive manufacturing · Freeform 3D printing · Supporting matrix · Soft matters · Biomedical engineering Abbreviations 3D printing Three dimensional printing AAM Acrylamide Ad-HA Adamantane modified hyaluronic acid AdNor-HA Norbornene and adamantane modified hyaluronic acid AM Additive manufacturing ATP Aqueous two-phase CaCl2 Calcium chloride CaP Calcium phosphate * Juha Song [email protected] 1
School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
3
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
4
Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
CD-HA β-Cyclodextrin modified hyaluronic acid CM Cardiomyocytes CMCaq Carboxymethyl cellulose aqueous CMC Critical micelle concentration CMT Critical micelle temperature CNF Cellulose nanofiber COOH Carboxylic acid group DEX Dextran DIW Direct ink writing EB Embryoid body EC Endothelial cell ECM Extracellular matrix EM3DP or E3DP Embedded 3D printing EMIM-ES 1-Ethyl-3-met
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