Freelance as a Creative Mode of Self-employment in a New Economy (a Literature Review)
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Freelance as a Creative Mode of Self-employment in a New Economy (a Literature Review) Daniyar T. Baitenizov 1 & Igor N. Dubina 2,3 & David F. J. Campbell 4,5 & Elias G. Carayannis 6 & Tolkyn A. Azatbek 1 Received: 22 May 2018 / Accepted: 19 November 2018/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract Self-employment, as an economic and labour phenomenon, contributes noticeably to the economy of many countries. This paper presents an analytical review of the literature of 1970–2017, on the subject of self-employment and freelance as a new form of self-employment, and reveals tendencies and perspectives for the development of self-employment in context of the processes of globalisation and the forming and formation of a new (creative, knowledge and innovation) economy or a creative creativity economy. Keywords Self-employment . Innovation . Freelance . Knowledge economy . Creative
economy . Creativity economy . Innovation economy
* David F. J. Campbell [email protected]; [email protected] Daniyar T. Baitenizov [email protected] Igor N. Dubina [email protected] Elias G. Carayannis [email protected] Tolkyn A. Azatbek [email protected]
1
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
2
Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
3
Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
4
Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
5
University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria
6
The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
Journal of the Knowledge Economy
Introduction During the last 25–30 years, there has been continuously growing interest in selfemployment and in such of its form as freelance. This article explores these phenomena on the basis of the analysis of research publications aimed at understanding modern processes and trends in the market of self-employment. The authors of this paper review studies on these economic and labour phenomena that were published mainly in the period from 1991 to 2017. The authors use the resources of the bibliometric databases Scopus and Web of Science as well as Springer portal. Based on the analysis, the authors of this review focus on defining the main trends in the development of selfemployment and freelance. The relevance and importance of this study is due to at least two reasons: at first, the lack of specially prepared literature reviews on freelance as a tool for developing a self-employment market with a focus on its innovative component; secondly, a significant increase in the number of publications on self-employment and freelance in the twenty-first century. We define the main objectives of this study as follows: 1) Tracing the dynamics of the publication activity on the topics of Bselfemployment^ and Bfreelance^ 2) Distinguishing criteria of self-employment and freelance 3) Identifying factors and conditions affecting the forming and development of selfemployment and freelance 4) Characterising the contribution of self-employment to a country’s economic development T
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