Frequent detection of enterovirus D68 and rhinovirus type C in children with acute respiratory infections
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Frequent detection of enterovirus D68 and rhinovirus type C in children with acute respiratory infections Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani 1,2 & Mohsen Keshavarz 3 & Neda Mousavi 4 & Haideh Namdari 5 & Vahid Salimi 4 & Talat Mokhtari-Azad 4 & Mohadeseh Zarei-Ghobadi 6 & Seyed Alireza Nadji 7 & Nastaran Ghavami 4 & Farhad Rezaei 4 Received: 13 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and the emergence of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in children. A total of 322 nasopharyngeal swab samples were provided from children with an initial diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. A total of 34 and 70 cases were positive for EV-D68 and HRV, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the clades A and B are the prevalent genotypes for EV-D68 and the HRV-positive samples belong to three types including HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The results showed that EV-D68 and HRV-C are circulating in Iran especially in the winter. Keywords Human rhinoviruses . HRV . Human enterovirus D68 . EV-D68 . Emerging disease . Genotyping
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a subtype of enterovirus D comprising a blend combination of enterovirus (EV) and rhinovirus (RV) features. It was first isolated in the
* Farhad Rezaei [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
2
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
3
The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
4
Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
5
Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
7
Virology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
USA from respiratory specimens obtained from 4 pediatric patients with pneumonia and bronchiolitis [1]. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the predominant prevalence of clade A strains from August 2006 to August 2011 and emerging clade B strains in October 2011 in China [2]. EV-D68 can cause severe respiratory symptoms, which mainly affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts of children [3, 4]. After first detection of EV-D68 in 1962 [1], it was neglected because of negligible outbreak. However, its recent worldwide outbreaks led to attract a new attention [5–15]. Earlier reports show the severity of this infection in children in a way that can even cause death. Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are picornaviruses classified within the same genus (Enteroviruses) due to their high sequence homology. Until now, three HRV groups including HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C have been known that can cause res
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