Freshwater Habitats and Freshwater-Dependent Habitats in Poland
This paper briefly discusses the resources of habitats of importance to the European Community in Poland shaped by water relations. The types of habitat surveyed include water courses and waterbodies, wetlands and riparian vegetation (meadows, forest) and
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Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Characteristic of Freshwater Habitats and Freshwater-Dependent Habitats in Poland . . . . 4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract This paper briefly discusses the resources of habitats of importance to the European Community in Poland shaped by water relations. The types of habitat surveyed include water courses and waterbodies, wetlands and riparian vegetation (meadows, forest) and streams and bogs. The study covered 23 habitat types in freshwater habitats and freshwater-dependent habitats occurring in all 849 Special Areas of Conservation in Poland in both biogeographic regions: alpine and continental. The overall conservation value for current habitats is presented, including threats, pressures and activities, as well as their possibilities for restoration. Keywords Biodiversity conservation · Freshwater-dependent habitats · Freshwater habitats · Natura 2000
1 Introduction One key conservation action worldwide is the development of large-scale networks of protected areas [1]. In spite of the fact that over 200,000 protected areas cover ~14% of the world’s land area [2], there are very few coordinated networks of M. Grzybowski (*) Department of Tourism and Recreation, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 E. Korzeniewska, M. Harnisz (eds.), Polish River Basins and Lakes – Part II, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 87, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12139-6_12
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protected areas aiming at continental-scale conservation. Examples of such networks stretching across national borders include the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative in North America and the European Ecological Network – Natura 2000. The latter is the world’s largest multinationally coordinated conservation infrastructure [3]. The network provides ecosystem services worth ca 200–300 billion Euro/ year [4]. Natura 2000 is also becoming an essential component of the European Green Infrastructure strategy aimed at mitigating fragmentation and increasing the spatial and functional connectivity between protected and unprotected areas [5, 6]. Protecting over 2,000 habitat types and species of community importance, the Birds and Habitats Directives are the cornerstone of EU nature conservation policy
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