Habitats of Anaerobic Methane Oxidizers
Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea of the ANME clades -1, -2, -3 are cosmopolitan and ubiquitous in all environments on Earth where sulfate and methane intersect. Closely related gene sequences of anaerobic methanotrophs are found in subsurface and surface
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2194
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Cold Seep Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2194
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Submarine Mud Volcanoes: A Special Type of Cold Seep System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2195
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Gas Hydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2197
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Sulfate Methane Transition Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2198
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Hydrothermal Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2198
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Deep Subsurface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2198
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Marine Water Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199
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Terrestrial Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199
10 Research Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2199
K. N. Timmis (ed.), Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_159, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010
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Habitats of Anaerobic Methane Oxidizers
Abstract: Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea of the ANME clades -1, -2, -3 are cosmopolitan and ubiquitous in all environments on Earth where sulfate and methane intersect. Closely related gene sequences of anaerobic methanotrophs are found in subsurface and surface sediments, terrestrial, and marine settings or benthic and pelagic habitats. Although their diversity is limited, various subgroups of the ANME clades co-occur in most methane habitats. Microscopic analysis as well as quantitative PCR of their distribution has revealed the dominance of certain types within microniches in the environments, indicating an effect of environmental conditions on distribution. Diverse forms of associations between the different ANME subgroups and various partner bacteria have been microscopically identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and ANME cells have also been detected without a bacterial partner attached. However, the most common form of occurrence of ANME in hot spots of the anaerobic oxidation of methane are small shell-type consortia with sulfate-reducing bacteria as partners.
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Introduction
Since their discovery in the late 1990s, the distribution of ANME organisms has been studied intensively, mainly based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. More than 2,000 published and unpublished 16S rRNA gene sequences are available now from more th
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