Freshwater Microbial Communities
Freshwaters provide essential commodities and services to society and they act as regulators of carbon cycling and of local and global climate. Prokaryotic microbes in lacustrine ecosystems are centrally involved in various biogeochemical cycles, for exam
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Diversity of Freshwater Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Subsurface Aquatic Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 River and Stream Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Special Habitats Within Lake Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Major Groups of Freshwater Microbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Phototrophic Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Ultramicrobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 acI Actinobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Polynucleobacter necessarius ssp. Asymbioticus . . . . . . 103 LD12 Alphaproteobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Other Freshwater Ultramicrobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Opportunistically Growing Freshwater Bacteria . . . . . . . . 104 The R-BT065 Clade of Limnohabitans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Flavobacteriaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Other Putatively Opportunistic Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Filamentous Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Factors Shaping Microbial Communities of Freshwater Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Internal Habitat Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Interactions Between Aquatic Environments and the Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Freshwaters as Discontinuous Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
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Jordan, writing on bacteria in Ward and Whipple’s ‘‘Freshwater Biology’’ states: ‘‘There is no special and characteristic class of ‘‘water bacteria,’’ but germs from the air, from the soil, from decomposing animal and plant substances and from the healthy and diseased tissues of animals and plants may at times find their way into water’’. . . (Henrici 1933).
Introduction Freshwaters have been termed the ‘‘blood of society’’ in reference to their crucial importance for an adequate supply of water of reasonable quality for agriculture, industry, and domestic use (Wetzel 2000). It is estimated that >1,000 gT of freshwater resources have been annually consumed for these human activities during the last decades on a global scale, and even higher
volumes of wastewater have been concomitantly released into the environment (Hoekstra and Mekonnen 2012). Moreover, despite the small fraction ( Fig. 6.1), while his contemporary A. Rasumov, and later H. Jannasch and J. G. Jones, developed and improved filtration-based method
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