Plant Rhizosphere Microbial Communities
Plants have evolved in a microbial world. Thus, plant-microbe interactions may be inherent to plants’ adaptation to their environment. On the other hand, plants are the major source of organic nutrients in the soil, the driving force for microbial activit
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 The Rhizosphere: Definitions, Compartments, and Spatial and Temporal Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Carbon Flow in the Rhizosphere and Microbial Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Spatial Distribution of Root-Associated Microbial Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Complexity of the Rhizosphere Microbial Community . . . . . 61 Rhizosphere Microbial Community Composition . . . . . . . . . . 62 Cultivable Root-Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 The Contribution of Cultivation-Independent Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Role of Archaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Effect of Mycorrhizal Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Bacterial Communities Associated with Roots of Pathogen-Infected Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Effects of Agrosystem Management on Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Effect of Organic Soil Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Inoculation with Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Biocontrol Agents . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Plant Genetic Manipulation Targeting Rhizosphere Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Plant Genetic Manipulation: Rhizosphere Bacteria as Nontarget Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Consequences of Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Genetic Traits Related to Rhizosphere Competence . . . . . . . . 73 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Introduction Plants have evolved in a microbial world. Thus, plant-microbe interactions may be inherent to plants’ adaptation to their
environment. On the other hand, plants are the major source of organic nutrients in the soil, the driving force for microbial activity. The soil microflora interacts with plant roots and can even modulate the plant’s response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we describe the rhizosphere as an organized unit, composed of the root and its associated microbiome. This interaction occurs in the limited soil region directly influenced by the living plant root. The presence and activities of the root affect the surrounding soil chemically, physically, and biologically. Thus, numerous processes occur in parallel in the rhizosphere, creating a unique and active niche. The chemical processes involve passive and active depositi
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