From Cause to Causation A Peircean Perspective

From Cause to Causation presents both a critical analysis of C.S. Peirce's conception of causation, and a novel approach to causation, based upon the semeiotic of Peirce. The book begins with a review of the history of causation, and with a critical discu

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PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES SERIES VOLUME 90

Founded by Wilfrid S. Sellars and Keith Lehrer

Editor

Keith Lehrer, University ofArizona, Tucson Associate Editor

Stewart Cohen, Arizona State University, Tempe Board of Consulting Editors

Lynne Rudder Baker, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Radu Bogdan, Tulane University, New Orleans Marian David, University of Notre Dame Allan Gibbard, University of Michigan Denise Meyerson, University of Cape Town Fran~ois

Recanati, Institut Jean-Nicod, EHESS, Paris Stuart Silvers, Clemson University

Barry Smith, State University of New York at Buffalo Nicholas D. Smith, Michigan State University

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

FROM CAUSE TO CAUSATION A Peircean Perspective

by

MENNO HULSWIT Heyendaallnstitute, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands

SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA,B.V.

A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-1-4020-0977-8

ISBN 978-94-010-0297-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0297-4

Printed on acid-free paper

AII Rights Reserved © 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Origina1ly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

ix

Note on References

Xl

Preface

Xlll

CHAPTER 1: SOME KEY MOMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF CAUSATION

1

1

Causation in Ancient Greece

2

1 Aristotle: Four Types of Explanation

2

2 The Stoics: Causation, Exceptionless Regularity, and Necessity

5

Causation in the Middle Ages

8

1 Thomas Aquinas

8

2 3

4

Causation in Modem Philosophy

15

1 The Metaphysical Systems from Descartes till Leibniz

17

2 Critical Philosophy from Locke till Mill

27

Conclusion: Important Changes in the Meaning of Cause

41

CHAPTER 2: CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO CAUSATION

47

The Contemporary Debate

47

1 Necessary and/or Sufficient Conditions

47

2 Causes and Counterfactual Dependency

54

3 The Instrumental Approach: Causes as Means-to-Ends

56

4 Probabilistic Causation

58

5 The Singularist Approach

60

v

vi 2

3

CONTENTS Basic Issues in the Contemporary Approaches to Causation

64

1 Five Fundamental Requirements

64

2 The Relata of the Causal Relation

67

3 Further Issues

71

Conclusion

73

CHAPTER 3: PEIRCE ON FINAL CAUSATION

75

1

Introduction

75

2

Peirce's Conception of Final Causation

76

1 The Nature of Final Causation

76

2 Final Causation and Efficient Causation

80

3 Teleological and Mechanistic Processes; Peirce's Rejection of Dualism

3

82

4 Teleology and Objective Chance

84

5 Teleology as Creative; Develo