From Old English to Standard English A Course Book in Language Varia
A fascinating, visual volume which traces the development of the language from Old English, through Middle and Early Middle English to the establishment of Standard English in the 18th century. The core of the book is a series of nearly two hundred histor
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Studies in E.nglish Language series A Course Book in English Grammar, 2nd Edition Dennis Freeborn From Old English to Standard English, 2nd Edition Dennis Freeborn Style: Text Analysis and Linguistic Criticism - Dennis Freeborn Varieties of English, 2nd Edition - Dennis Freeborn with Peter French and David Langford Analysing Talk - David Langford English Language Project Work- Christine McDonald
FROM OLD ENGLISH TO STANDARD ENGLISH A COURSE BOOK IN LANGUAGE VARIATION ACROSS TIME Second Edition Dennis Freeborn
© Dennis Freeborn 1992, 1998 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-69155-7
ISBN 978-1-349-26665-4 (eBook)
DOl I 0.1007/978-1-349-26665-4
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Typeset in Great Britain by Aarontype Limited Easton, Bristol
Contents
Preface to the second edition
x
Acknowledgements
xiv
Symbols
xv
Texts and facsimiles
xvi
INTRODUCTION 1.1 English today 1.2 Studying variety across time in language 1.3 1.4 1.5
How has the English language changedr How can we learn about Old English and later changes in the languager Changes of meaning - the semantic level
2 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IS BROUGHT TO BRITAIN 2.1 Roman Britain 2.2 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2.3
How the English language came to Britain
3 OLD ENGLISH (I) 3.1 Written Old English 3.2 Dialects and political boundaries 3.3 Danish and Norwegian Vikings 3.4 Effects of Viking settlement on the English language 3.5 The Norman Conquest
4
I I 2 2 3 4
9 9
9 12
21 21 35 37 46 51
OLD ENGLISH (II)
55
4.1 The language of Old English poetry 4.2 OE prose 4.3 OE grammar
55 60 65
v
Contents
4.4 Latin loan-words in OE 4.5 ON loan-words in OE 4.6 Early French loan-words
71 73 74
5
FROM OLD ENGLISH TO MIDDLE ENGLISH 5.1 The evidence for linguistic change 5.2 The Norman Conquest and the English language 5.3 The earliest 12th-century Middle English text 5.4 The book called Ormulum 5.5 12th-century loan-words
76 76 77 82 86 96
6
EARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH - 12th CENTURY 6.1 Evidence of language change from late OE to early ME in La3amon's Brut 6.2 The Owl & the Nightingale
98 98 123
7
EARLY MIDDLE ENGLISH - 13th CENTURY 7.1 The
