A Course Book in English Grammar
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A Course Book in English Grammar Dennis Freeborn
M
MACMILLAN EDUCATION
©Dennis Freeborn 1987 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1987 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset by Wessex Typesetters (Division of The Eastern Press Ltd) Frome, Somerset British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Freeborn, Dennis A course book in English grammar.(Studies in English language) 1. English language-Grammar-1950I. Title II. Series 428.2 PE1112 ISBN 978-0-333-40568-0 DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-18527-6
ISBN 978-1-349-18527-6 (eBook)
Contents
Acknowledgements Preface Symbols 1
3
xi xvii
Encoding experience in language
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 2
IX
Systems and abstractions Words Morphemes and syllables Sentences and phrases Meaning Phrases as constituents of sentences Processes and participants Clauses The rank scale How clauses make sense How meaning and grammar are related Summary
1 1 3 6 8 9 10 11 17 19 19 20 23
Lexical words and meaning
25 25 26 30 37 45 48
Function words for referring and linking
49 49 52 64
2.1 Word-classes 2.2 Nouns 2.3 Verbs 2.4 Adjectives 2.5 Adverbs 2.6 Summary
3.1 Prepositions 3.2 Pronouns 3.3 Conjunctions v
CONTENTS
VI
4
Mainly noun phrases and prepositional phrases
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 5
Verb phrases
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6
7
Present and past tense Aspect Voice Non-finite VPs Catenatives in VP structure- predicators in phase A note on symbols
Kernel clauses
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9
Clauses- recapitulation Subject and complements in kernel clauses Kernel clauses in a simple text Complements (3)- adverbial Labelling constituent function The original Hemingway text More clause structure elements Summary of kernel clause patterns Analysis of a text
Complex phrases within clauses
7.1 7.2 8
Phrases are constituents of clauses Six kinds of phrase More about NPs and PrepPs More about pre-head modifiers in NPs PrepPs as post-head modifiers, or qualifiers NPs in PrepPs and PrepPs in NPs PrepPs embedded in PrepPs Clauses embedded in NPs NPs and PrepPs as constituents of clauses Summary
Complex and derived clauses Complexity within phrases
Complex and derived clauses
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4
Subordinate non-finite clauses Subordinate finite clauses Derived clauses Complex and derived clauses in a text
69 69 69 71 73 76 78 79 81 85 87 92 92 113 117 121 123 124
125 125 127 131 133 138 142 142 148 149 156 156 156 178 178 188 200 210
8.5 8.6 8.7
9
CONTENTS
vii
Making information prominent Summary P
