From polydisperse diatomaceous earth to biosilica with specific morphologies by glucose gradient/dialysis: a natural mat
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Research Letter
From polydisperse diatomaceous earth to biosilica with specific morphologies by glucose gradient/dialysis: a natural material for cell growth S.R. Cicco, CNR-ICCOM-Via Orabona, 4- 70125 Bari, Italy D. Vona, G. Leone, and M. Lo Presti, Università degli Studi di Bari «Aldo Moro», Via Orabona, 4- 70125 Bari, Italy F. Palumbo, CNR NANOTEC- Via Orabona, 4- 70125 Bari, Italy E. Altamura, R. Ragni, and G.M. Farinola, Università degli Studi di Bari «Aldo Moro», Via Orabona, 4- 70125 Bari, Italy Address all correspondence to G.M. Farinola at [email protected] (Received 24 January 2017; accepted 18 April 2017)
Abstract Starting from polydisperse diatomaceous earth (DE), we proposed an efficient separation method for obtaining different morphologies of biosilica from diatoms. DE is a very low-cost source of silica containing all the differently nanostructured elements. By a glucose gradient/dialysis, three types of biosilica morphologies were achieved: rods, valves, and clusters. We fully characterized the diatom fractions and we used them to produce fluorescent biosilica platforms (“tabs”). These supports exhibited good resistance in water, ethanol, and soft scraping. A preliminary biologic application by testing Saos-2 proliferation was also performed to check osteoblasts-like cells biologic attitude for this scaffolds with tunable nanostructure.
Introduction Mesoporous silica-based materials are extensively produced by expensive and not so easily scalable processes.[1] Nevertheless, mesoporosity is specifically useful for precise biomedical applications[2] and chemical purposes.[3] Mesoporous silica exhibits properties of high surface area, tunability of the pore sizes in the micro/nanometer range, and adaptable surface chemistry which, together with biocompatibility, make this material suitable for drug-delivery and sensing applications.[4] Engineering bioglasses or composites with hydroxyapatite (silicon-doped hydroxyapatite) has become the current focus in biomaterial science.[5] In particular, silica supports for cell-adhesion deliver silicic acid in biologic systems, which stimulates condrocitic and osteocitic growths, also promoting the osteo-mineralization.[6] For this reason, combination of silica-derived compounds with bioglasses improves the bone cells proliferation/adhesion onto surfaces around the implanted material.[7] Cell growth is also investigated in relation with different silica morphologies/geometries. For regenerative medicine the surface topography is strictly associated with the behavior of the cells in contact with the biomaterial: micrometer and nanometer scale topographies modify different aspects of cell behavior such as cell adhesion, morphology, proliferation, and differentiation, also related to local factors, which are present in the microenvironments.[8–13] Among all cell types, osteoblasts-like cells seem to be able to recognize differences in roughness and topographies on biomaterial surfaces.[14] It appears that micro-rough surfaces inhibit cell proliferation p
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