From Regional Power to Global Power? The European Neighbourhood Policy after the Lisbon Treaty
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was established in 2004 to provide a framework for coherent and efficient EU action towards its neighbours in the East and the South. Coherence was meant to be achieved in the EU’s approach across various policies,
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Introduction The establishment of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) as the main framework for the development of relations between the EU and its direct neighbours has been acknowledged as one of the EU’s most innovative approaches in external relations. The ENP established a common policy framework within which closer relations with those countries at the borders of the enlarged EU (both to the East and the South) could be pursued. In order to achieve security for the EU, stable and prosperous neighbours were considered an important prerequisite. The idea was to integrate them gradually into the EU’s sphere of influence, along the lines of what Laı¨di (2008) called, “the EU’s normative empire”. The promotion of a value-based model of political, economic and social development was thus a central aspect of the ENP, following the enlargement template (Schimmelfennig 2009). This policy framework for fostering closer relations with the EU’s neighbours has
The authors would like to thank Thomas Christiansen and David Phinnemore for their comments on previous drafts of this chapter, which were presented at the ECPR and UACES annual conferences 2011. We would also like to thank Paul Stephenson for commenting on and proofreading the current text. Licı´nia Sima˜o would like to acknowledge support from the Centre for Social Studies of the University of Coimbra, to present previous versions of this chapter. H. Maurer (*) Department of Political Science, Maastricht University, Grote Gracht 90-92, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] L. Sima˜o Faculty of Economics and Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Av. Dias da Silva, 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] A. Boening et al. (eds.), Global Power Europe - Vol. 1, Global Power Shift, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-32412-3_6, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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to a large extent been presented as the middle ground between full integration and traditional external relations (Sima˜o 2013b). Besides this external objective, internally the ENP has sought to increase coherence between the EU’s various policies and the countries it covers (Maurer 2011). Coherence issues, as developed in this chapter, can include a wide spectrum of perspectives, reflecting the EU’s multilevel governance system and the broad array of issues covered in its external relations. Coherence includes relations between the EU member states’ foreign policy and EU-driven initiatives, including the goal of “speaking with one voice” in setting the strategic goals and the practical pursuit of policy options through assistance and project development. It also can cover coherence between EU instruments and policies—what the EU calls “policy mix”—including the mutual reinforcement of positive outcomes in different areas: human rights, energy security, conflict management, economic development, etc. In this regard, the Lisbon Treaty has been presented as a very significant effort to reform the EU and
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