From Research to Manuscript A Guide to Scientific Writing
From Research to Manuscript, written in simple, straightforward language, explains how to understand and summarize a research project. It is a writing guide that goes beyond grammar and bibliographic formats, by demonstrating in detail how to compose the
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From Research to Manuscript A Guide to Scientific Writing by
MICHAEL JAY KATZ Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, U.S.A.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13
1-4020-4045-8 (PB) 978-1-4020-4045-0 (PB) 1-4020-4071-7 ( e-book) 978-1-4020-4071-9 (e-book)
Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2006 Michael Jay Katz. The exclusive exploitation and distribution rights remain with Springer. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................
vii
INTRODUCTION............................................................................
ix
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS USED AS EXAMPLES .......................................
xi
1. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES ......................................................... 1. The Standards......................................................................... 1.1. A Stereotyped Format ........................................................ 1.2. Precise Language .............................................................. 1.3. A Single, Clear Direction .................................................... 1.4. Reviewed and Made Available to Others.................................. 2. Words and Text ...................................................................... 2.1. Write with Exactness and Clarity........................................... 2.2. How to Write Text............................................................. 2.3. Advice to Speakers of Other Languages .................................. 3. Numbers ............................................................................... 3.1. Tables ............................................................................ 3.2. Statistics ......................................................................... 4. Figures ................................................................................. 4.1. Basic Guidelines ............................................................... 4.2. Figure Legends................................................................. 4.3. Graphs ........................................................................... 4.4. Aesthetics of Numerical Figures............................................ 5. Scientific Patterns....................................................................
1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 6 24 25 27 30 41 41 43 43 48 49
2. THE SCIENTIFIC PAPER ............................................................. 1. Research a
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