Frontiers in the COVID-19 vaccines development
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Experimental Hematology & Oncology Open Access
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Frontiers in the COVID‑19 vaccines development Ehtisham Ul Haq1, Jifeng Yu2,3* and Jiancheng Guo3,4,5*
Abstract Novel corona virus caused pneumonia first reported in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China was later named COVID-19. Due to its special pathogenicity, COVID-19 transmitted with high speed beyond borders and has significantly affected normal life. Currently, no specific drugs, treatment or vaccines are available. Vaccine development for COVID-19 is a highly complex process involving viral genomic studies, identification of target for vaccine, vaccine design, manufacturing, storage and distribution, preclinical and clinical safety and efficacy studies. The high levels of efforts and global collaboration at this scale is unprecedented. The World Health Organization (WHO) has documented 160 different COVID-19 vaccine candidates as of July 13, 2020 with 26 currently on clinical evaluation while 137 vaccines on preclinical evaluation. COVID-19 vaccine efforts mark the first use of mRNA-type vaccines ever evaluated. Numerous research organizations have successfully initiated clinical evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines. This review aims to summarize the advances and challenges for COVID-19 vaccines development. Keywords: COVID-19, Vaccine development, RNA and DNA vaccine To the editor, On December 31, 2019, novel corona virus caused pneumonia was first reported in Wuhan, China. The pathogen was soon identified as a novel corona virus from unknown origin and then was named as “corona virus of 2019” or “COVID-19”. With a rapid spread of the virus, WHO declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. According to WHO, as of July 14, 2020, almost all countries in the world have been affected with 12,768,307 confirmed cases and 566,654 confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 (https://covid19.who.int/). Its highly infectious and asymptomatic transmission characteristics have made it to a pandemic in a short time [1]. Vaccines are an essential countermeasure urgently needed to control the pandemic.
*Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, #1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China 3 Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, #40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
2-dimension and 3-dimension studies demonstrated COVID-19 virus as RNA stranded virus, surrounded by membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and the spike (S) structural protein. Genome of virus is highly packed inside nucleocapsid (N) protein which is enveloped by M, E and S protein [2]. Five nonstructural proteins including ORF1ab, ORF3a, ORF7, ORF8, ORF9 and ORF10 play a critical rule in adhesion of virus to host cell and can compromise vaccine efficacy [3]. SARS-CoV-2 shares genetic homology with other coronaviruses found in bats and its closest related human virus, SARS-CoV-1. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has high identity
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