FTIR imaging and HPLC reveal ancient painting and dyeing techniques of molluskan purple
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ORIGINAL PAPER
FTIR imaging and HPLC reveal ancient painting and dyeing techniques of molluskan purple Zoi Eirini Papliaka 1 & Alexandros Konstanta 2 & Ioannis Karapanagiotis 2 & Recep Karadag 3,4 & Ali Akin Akyol 5 & Dimitrios Mantzouris 6 & Panagiotis Tsiamyrtzis 7
Received: 11 June 2015 / Accepted: 15 July 2015 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and imaging coupled to optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to diode-array detection are used to investigate two samples removed from a painted decoration of a burial kline and a textile fragment, both found in Koru tumulus (fifth century BCE) in Daskyleion. Tyrian purple and kaolinite were identified in both samples, thus suggesting that the aluminosilicate compound had an important role in the applied painting and dyeing processes. The textile fragment is composed of undyed cotton and silk yarns dyed with the molluskan dye. The relative compositions of the molluskan materials used in the two archaeological objects are similar and comparable with the corresponding composition measured for a purple sample originated from Murex trunculus mollusks according to the
* Ioannis Karapanagiotis [email protected] 1
Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
2
Department of Management and Conservation of Ecclesiastical Cultural Heritage Objects, University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
3
Laboratory for Natural Dyes, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
4
Turkish Cultural Foundation, Cultural Heritage Preservation and Natural Dyes, Istanbul, Turkey
5
Department of Conservation & Restoration of Cultural Properties, Gazi University-Faculty of Fine Arts, Ankara, Turkey
6
Ormylia Foundation, Art Diagnosis Center, Ormylia, Greece
7
Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece
HPLC results. This result is supported by principal component analysis (PCA) which, furthermore, takes into account the relative compositions of the extracts of the three Mediterranean mollusks, published in previous reports. Keywords FTIR . Imaging . HPLC . Tyrian purple . Murex . Kaolinite
Introduction The development of multi-analytical strategies, which include the use of complementary techniques, to identify dyes and pigments in archaeological findings is important for two reasons. First, thorough strategies can be implemented to study different types of objects where colourants were applied in different ways, e.g. paints, textiles etc. Second, multianalytical strategies can provide a better understanding on the identity and moreover the ancient application process of a dye or pigment. Non-destructive techniques (NDTs) have an inherent advantage which is the preservation of samples removed from an archaeological object. Herein, the term ‘non-destructive’ means precisely that a sample is not consumed in a
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