Functional glucosamine-iron oxide nanocarriers
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Functional glucosamine-iron oxide nanocarriers Luis M. R. Rivera1,2, Julhyana G. Machado1,2, Mohan Chandra Mathpal1, Natalia L. Chaves2, Danijela Gregurec3, Sônia N. Báo2, Leonardo G. Paterno4, Sergio E. Moya3, Ricardo B. Azevedo2, Maria A. G. Soler1,a) 1
Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil Soft Matter Nanotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Guipuzkoa 20009, Spain 4 Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] 2 3
Received: 10 February 2020; accepted: 24 April 2020
Herein, we report a synthetic route capable of producing superparamagnetic, stable and biocompatible glucosamine (GLU) nanocarriers, composed by colloidal iron oxide nanoparticles (ION, ∼6 nm) surfacefunctionalized with GLU dispersed in physiological media (pH 7.2). The route consists first of the preparation of ION by aqueous alkaline co-precipitation of 1:2 Fe(II)/Fe(III) followed by surface treatment with citric acid, activation of acidic groups via carbodiimide intermediary and further amidation using GLU as the amine reactant. Results from cell viability tests performed with human dental pulp tissue cells suggest that ION–GLU nanocolloids are biocompatible and non-toxic for two different concentrations and several hours of incubation. Moreover, optical microscopy shows that ION–GLU adsorbs at the cells walls and also transposes them, reaching cytoplasm and nucleus as well. All findings point out the promising use of ION–GLU as biocompatible nanocarriers for GLU delivery such as in articulation diseases.
Introduction Glucosamine (GLU) is an essential amino monosaccharide and utilized for biosynthesis of glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans [1, 2, 3]. GLU displays an important antiinflammatory action, which suppresses inflammatory cells, cytokines and other proteins, such as the p38 MAPK, involved in the activation of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, it inhibits the action of catabolic enzymes and reduces IL-1β levels in the synovial fluid [4]. Due to these pharmaceutical properties, GLU has been used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) [5, 6]. Additionally, GLU exhibits anticancer activity by influencing biological pathways involved in cell death, whereas it shows no toxic effects in normal cells [7]. The articulate cartilage presents a low rate of metabolic activity and has none or a very small number of blood vessels, which hamper further drug absorption and reduces the efficacy of traditional OA treatments. Even so, chondroitin sulfate and GLU are usually prescribed by oral administration, showing low biodistribution and poor access to the target tissue (cartilage) [8, 9]. Studies have shown that about 10% of the GLU administered intravenously was found in its free form in the
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plasma being rapidly metabolized by the liver and excreted in the urine. The r
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