Polymeric Nanocarriers
Control over the nanoscopic scale opens nearly endless opportunities for many scientific areas. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles offer the versatility to cover a wide range of mesoscopic properties for sophisticated applications. However, making and
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Polymeric Nanocarriers Banu Iyisan and Katharina Landfester
Abstract Control over the nanoscopic scale opens nearly endless opportunities for many scientific areas. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles offer the versatility to cover a wide range of mesoscopic properties for sophisticated applications. However, making and applying smart nanoparticles is inevitably linked to a deep understanding of the overall physico-chemical principle of their formation and their interaction with their surroundings.
3.1 Introduction Control over the nanoscopic scale opens nearly endless opportunities for many scientific areas. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles offer the versatility to cover a wide range of mesoscopic properties for sophisticated applications. However, making and applying smart nanoparticles is inevitably linked to a deep understanding of the overall physico-chemical principle of their formation and their interaction with their surroundings. The ideal nanocarrier for biomedical application would be biodegradable and shall circulate freely in the blood until it reaches selectively its place of action, is incorporated and selectively releases the drug or allows diagnostics only at this point with finally being cleared from the body without any trace. To reach this ideal case, key characteristics of the nanocarriers including composition, size, biocompatibility, colloidal stability, targeting ability and control over the diffusion mechanism of the loaded drugs should be precisely engineered. In this context, the aim of this chapter is to discuss various types of polymeric nanocarriers from the perspective of their formation, design, and characterization for drug delivery applications. Therefore, the chapter starts with the classification of the nanocarriers, which is then followed by the description of advanced preparation techniques. Furthermore, the requirement and possible ways of encapsulation and release methods for drugs and reporter molecules in terms of stimuli-responsivity B. Iyisan · K. Landfester (B) Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 P. Gehr and R. Zellner (eds.), Biological Responses to Nanoscale Particles, NanoScience and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_3
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B. Iyisan and K. Landfester
Polymersome
Nanosphere - Surfactant
Micelle
Nanocapsule
- Surface groups
- Polymer shell for nanocapsule
Dendrimer - core
- Block copolymers
- polymer matrix for nanosphere
Fig. 3.1 Schematic illustration of various polymeric nanocarriers
and multifunctionality are described in detail before finalizing the chapter with the focus of widely used characterization tools for nanocarriers.
3.1.1 Classification and Types of Polymeric Nanocarriers The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines nanoparticles as particles of any shape in the nanometer size range [1]. By keeping this definition as a base for the nomenclature of this chapter, th
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