Functional response of Betula species to edaphic and nutrient stress during restoration of fly ash deposits in the Middl
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Functional response of Betula species to edaphic and nutrient stress during restoration of fly ash deposits in the Middle Urals (Russia) Irina V. Kalashnikova 1 & Svetlana V. Migalina 1,2 & Dina A. Ronzhina 1,2 & Leonid A. Ivanov 1,2 & Larissa A. Ivanova 1,2 Received: 13 May 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract We studied the impact of fly ash produced by the thermal power station in the Middle Urals (Russia) on functional traits of two Betula species naturally colonizing ash dump lagoons. The main limiting factors for tree growth on fly ash deposits were nitrogen deficiency, high alkalinity, and unfavorable mechanical composition of substrate. Leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf mass ratio (LMR) per tree, leaf area (LA), leaf shape coefficient (LSh), leaf thickness (LT), leaf mass per area (LMA), photosynthesis (Amax) and transpiration rates, chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoid (Car), and nitrogen (N) content were measured in Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh. growing on the ash dump and in the forest near the dump. Both Betula species showed similar functional response to adverse conditions of the fly ash. We found a 1.5–2-fold increase in LAR and LMR in trees growing on fly ash deposits compared with trees in the forest. In both species, the most significant differences across leaf morphological traits were shown for LT. Higher LT provided an increase in Chl and N content per leaf area that caused the rise in Amax and photosynthetic water use efficiency in the trees on the ash deposit. At the same time, Betula species preserved interspecific differences in values of LA and LT which were larger in B. pubescens whiles B. pendula differed by higher LSh. We concluded that the increase in assimilation activity at both whole-plant and leaf levels provides plant adjustment to edaphic and nutrient stress that allow Betula species to colonize technogenic substrates as fly ash deposits. Keywords Ash dump . Phytorestoration . Leaf area ratio . Leaf traits . Chlorophyll . Carotenoid . Nitrogen . Photosynthetic capacity
Introduction Coal combustion residues rank especially among industrial dumps because they are produced in large amounts by thermoelectric industry all over the world and take a great damage effect on the environment (Maiti and Pandey 2020). According to forecasts, world electricity production based on coal combustion may reach 46% by the year 2030 (Yao et al. 2015). Fly ashes are 70–75% of coal combustion products (Haynes 2009). So large areas nearby thermal power stations will be occupied by fly ash deposits. The major Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Larissa A. Ivanova [email protected] 1
Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 202a 8Marta St, 620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia
2
Tyumen State University, 6 Volodarskogo St, Tyumen, Russia 625003
environmental impact of ash disposal includes alkalization of soils by fly ashes and the filtration of contaminated liquid phase into groundwa
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