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Practical Pediatric Urology

Prasad Godbole • Duncan T. Wilcox Martin A. Koyle Editors

Practical Pediatric Urology An Evidence-Based Approach

Editors Prasad Godbole Department of Paediatric Surgery Sheffield Children's Foundation Trust Sheffield UK

Duncan T. Wilcox Division of Urology University of Colorado Division of Urology Aurora, CO USA

Martin A. Koyle Department of Surgery and IHPME University of Toronto Paediatric Urology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON Canada

ISBN 978-3-030-54019-7    ISBN 978-3-030-54020-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54020-3 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Foreword

Paediatric Urology is one of the youngest surgical specialties and much of its development has occurred during the era of evidence based medicine. By promoting clinical and experimental research in Pediatric Urology, specialist societies such as the Society for Pediatric Urology and European Society for Paediatric Urology have played valuable roles in ensuring that the new specialty has been built on firm scientific foundations. The establishment of the Journal of Pediatric Urology in 2005 was another influential landmark in Pediatric Urology's development as an evidence based specialty. Opportunities to attain the levels of evidence achieved in other areas of medical research are inevitably more limited in a small volume surgical specialty such as Pediatric Urology. With certain exceptions (such as the RIVUR, PRIVENT and Swedish Reflux trials) it has proved very difficult to design and conduct prospective randomised controlled trials with the statistical power required to meet the highest levels of evidence base