Functionalization of Carbon Particles by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
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Functionalization of Carbon Particles by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Nurettin Sahiner1,2 and Sultan B Sengel1 1 Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, TURKEY. 2Tulane University, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Physics and Engineering Physics, 2001 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, 70118, LA, USA. ABSTRACT Spherical carbon particles (CPs) with controllable size and surface functionalities were prepared via hydrothermal treatment using sucrose as a precursor and then post modification methods. The CPs were prepared in two steps; firstly, dewatering of sucrose molecules at relatively low temperatures and secondly, carbonization at high temperatures. The micro/nanosized CPs were functionalized by 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), (3Acrylamidopropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (APTMACI), and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in order to have the corresponding polymers on the surface of CPs. The monomers were polymerized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by means of grafted initiator onto the CPs surface. Additionally, copolymer of these monomers was synthesized to introduce additional properties. The stability of the functionalized CPs in different solutions, and pH, temperature responsive behaviors of the newly prepared CP-polymers composite were evaluated. INTRODUCTION In recent years, there is an immense interest on new forms of carbon based materials due to their application in broad range of areas as high-performance materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, fullerenes, carbon spheres, carbon particles (CPs), nanofibers, carbon-dots, and so on have been prepared with different methods, and modified for different purposes [1-4]. These carbonaceous nanomaterials were used as drug delivery agent, adsorbents, antimicrobial agents, nanodevices, electron field emitters, energy storage materials, and chemical and biological sensors [2, 4-7]. Carbon particles/spheres have attracted great attentions in recent years due to their intriguing physical and chemical properties [3, 7]. Composites based on carbon-based material and polymers offer great advantages such as enhanced mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity and stimuli responsiveness. Moreover, these materials can also be dispersed homogeneously in different solvents making them useful for many applications. Their insolubility in solvents due to strong van der Waals attraction hinders their wide range of applications. Thus, various methods have been employed to disperse carbon nanomaterials, for CNT and CPs in general, the most widely employed method is functionalization of these materials either through covalent or non-covalent means of modifications [5-9]. Functionalization of carbon particles by covalent or non-covalent modification can improve the solubility and can render synergetic effect providing additional features by broadening the
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