Fundamental principles of an effective diabetic retinopathy screening program
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POSITION STATEMENT
Fundamental principles of an effective diabetic retinopathy screening program Paolo Lanzetta1,2 · Valentina Sarao1,2 · Peter H. Scanlon3 · Jane Barratt4 · Massimo Porta5 · Francesco Bandello6 · Anat Loewenstein7 on behalf of The Vision Academy · Bora Eldem · Alex Hunyor · Antonia Joussen · Adrian Koh · Jean‑François Korobelnik · Paolo Lanzetta · Anat Loewenstein · Monica Lövestam‑Adrian · Rafael Navarro · Annabelle A. Okada · Ian Pearce · Francisco J. Rodríguez · Giovanni Staurenghi · Sebastian Wolf · David T. Wong Received: 17 December 2019 / Accepted: 14 February 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among working-age adults worldwide. Early detection and treatment are necessary to forestall vision loss from DR. Methods A working group of ophthalmic and diabetes experts was established to develop a consensus on the key principles of an effective DR screening program. Recommendations are based on analysis of a structured literature review. Results The recommendations for implementing an effective DR screening program are: (1) Examination methods must be suitable for the screening region, and DR classification/grading systems must be systematic and uniformly applied. Twofield retinal imaging is sufficient for DR screening and is preferable to seven-field imaging, and referable DR should be well defined and reliably identifiable by qualified screening staff; (2) in many countries/regions, screening can and should take place outside the ophthalmology clinic; (3) screening staff should be accredited and show evidence of ongoing training; (4) screening programs should adhere to relevant national quality assurance standards; (5) studies that use uniform definitions of risk to determine optimum risk-based screening intervals are required; (6) technology infrastructure should be in place to ensure that high-quality images can be stored securely to protect patient information; (7) although screening for diabetic macular edema (DME) in conjunction with DR evaluations may have merit, there is currently insufficient evidence to support implementation of programs solely for DME screening. Conclusion Use of these recommendations may yield more effective DR screening programs that reduce the risk of vision loss worldwide. Keywords Diabetic retinopathy screening · Telemedicine · Evidence-based recommendations
Introduction
This article belongs to the topical collection Eye Complications of Diabetes, managed by Giuseppe Querques. The Vision Academy is a global group of ophthalmologists, convened by Bayer to provide guidance for best clinical practice through collective expertise in areas of controversy or with insufficient conclusive evidence. The Vision Academy Steering Committee advised on the initial publication concept, and this manuscript is based on their discussions around the subject area. Members and their affiliations are listed in Acknowledgements. * Paolo Lanzetta [email protected] Extended author information availabl
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