Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics

This book introduces the current understanding of the fundamentals of nuclear physics by referring to key experimental data and by providing a theoretical understanding of principal nuclear properties.It primarily covers the structure of nuclei at low exc

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ndamentals of Nuclear Physics

Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics

Noboru Takigawa Kouhei Washiyama •

Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics

123

Kouhei Washiyama Center for Computational Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan

Noboru Takigawa Department of Physics Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Sendai Japan

ISBN 978-4-431-55377-9 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55378-6

ISBN 978-4-431-55378-6

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958483 Translation from the Japanese language edition: Genshikaku Butsurigaku by Noboru Takigawa, © Asakura Publishing Company, Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved. © Springer Japan 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Japan KK The registered company address is: Chiyoda First Bldg. East, 3-8-1 Nishi-Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0065, Japan

To Noriko, Akiko, Tsuyoshi and to our parents.

Preface

This book provides an introduction to nuclear physics. Research in nuclear physics covers a wide variety of subjects, and one can list many key words: nuclear structure and reactions of stable and unstable nuclei, fission and decay of a nucleus, extreme states such as the limits of existence and high-spin states, properties at high temperature and high density, hypernuclei, neutron stars, and nucleosynthesis, among others. All of these are the subjects of nuclear physics. In addition to these rather static properties, nuclear reactions such as heavy-ion collisions introduce new aspects of research, i.e., dynamical properties of nuclei or reaction mechanisms, such as heavy-ion fusion reactions, dissipation phenomena and liquid–gas phase transition. Many of these phenomena can be understood from the point of view that a nucleus is a quantum many-body system of nucleons stabilized by nuclear force. On the other hand, phenomena at higher energies, driven by, e.g., high-energy heavy-ion collisions, require a diffe

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