Fungal Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Inhibitors as Perspective Biocides with Antifungal Action
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Fungal Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Inhibitors as Perspective Biocides with Antifungal Action I. L. Shamraychuka,b,*, G. A. Belyakovac, I. M. Ereminab, A. V. Kurakovc, M. A. Belozerskya, and Y. E. Dunaevskya a Department
of Plant Proteins, Belozersky Research Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia b Laboratory of Chemico-Biological Research, the Grabar Art Conservation Center, Moscow, 105005 Russia c Department of Mycology and Algology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received April 16, 2020; revised June 1, 2020; accepted June 23, 2020
Abstract—The paper revises data on the identification of peptidases groups involved in the growth of fungi and inhibitors of these peptidases. The available data on the diversity, significance, representation, and characteristics of proteolytic enzymes in representatives of the Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Alternaria genera are considered. It was concluded that serine, metal, and glutamine peptidases are necessary for the growth of fungi. Therefore, these enzymes are considered as promising targets for peptidase inhibitors, which can serve as a rationale for the search for such inhibitors and the development of new biocidal agents on their basis for protecting art objects from biodestructors. Keywords: peptidases, inhibitors, biocides, fungal biodestructors, pathogens, saprotrophs, review DOI: 10.3103/S0096392520030086
The volume of published data on fungal peptidases is significant and includes information on their properties, structure, spectrum of activity and the effect of various factors on it, secretion characteristics, and application possibilities. However, the question of what functions this or that fungal peptidase possesses is not considered in many cases because of the complexity of their determination. In general, it is known that the functions of fungal peptidases are often not limited to the hydrolysis of proteins for nutrition. It was possible in some cases to show using various methods (biochemical, molecular genetic, and mycological) whether the activity of a certain peptidase is essential for the growth of the fungus or whether it is necessary for other (albeit growth-related) processes (for example, sporulation, adaptation, and pathogenesis). Despite their important biological functions, peptidases can have a damaging effect on living systems, hydrolyzing proteins necessary for their functioning, and therefore must be strictly controlled. There are several mechanisms for controlling the excessive activity of peptidases. The most important among them is the interaction of proteolytic enzymes with inhibitors suppressing their activity, a significant part of which are protein compounds. The structure of inhibitors, types of inhibition, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of this process, and the nature of enzyme-
inhibitor complexes are very diverse. The study of substances that suppress the activity of peptidases began almost simultaneo
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