Future Missions Related to the Determination of the Elemental and Isotopic Composition of Earth, Moon and the Terrestria
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Future Missions Related to the Determination of the Elemental and Isotopic Composition of Earth, Moon and the Terrestrial Planets Iannis Dandouras1 · Michel Blanc1 · Luca Fossati2 · Mikhail Gerasimov3 · Eike W. Guenther4 · Kristina G. Kislyakova2,5 · Helmut Lammer2 · Yangting Lin6 · Bernard Marty7 · Christian Mazelle1 · Sarah Rugheimer8 · Manuel Scherf2 · Christophe Sotin9 · Laurenz Sproß2,10 · Shogo Tachibana11 · Peter Wurz12 · Masatoshi Yamauchi13 Received: 8 January 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In this chapter, we review the contribution of space missions to the determination of the elemental and isotopic composition of Earth, Moon and the terrestrial planets, with special emphasis on currently planned and future missions. We show how these missions are going to significantly contribute to, or sometimes revolutionise, our understanding of planetary evolution, from formation to the possible emergence of life. We start with the Earth, which is a unique habitable body with actual life, and that is strongly related to its atmoReading Terrestrial Planet Evolution in Isotopes and Element Measurements Edited by Helmut Lammer, Bernard Marty, Aubrey L. Zerkle, Michel Blanc, Hugh O’Neill and Thorsten Kleine
B I. Dandouras
[email protected]
1
Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Université de Toulouse / CNRS / UPS / CNES, Toulouse, France
2
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
3
Space Research Institute of RAS (IKI), Moscow, Russia
4
Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
5
Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
6
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
7
Nancy Université, Nancy, France
8
Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
9
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, Pasadena, CA, USA
10
Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
11
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
12
Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
13
Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Kiruna, Sweden
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sphere. The new wave of missions to the Moon is then reviewed, which are going to study its formation history, the structure and dynamics of its tenuous exosphere and the interaction of the Moon’s surface and exosphere with the different sources of plasma and radiation of its environment, including the solar wind and the escaping Earth’s upper atmosphere. Missions to study the noble gas atmospheres of the terrestrial planets, Venus and Mars, are then examined. These missions are expected to trace the evolutionary paths of these two noble gas atmospheres, with a special emphasis on understanding the effect of atmospheric escape on the fate of water. Future missions to these planets will be key to help us establishing a comparative view of the evolution of climates and habitability at Earth, Venus and Mars, one of the most important and challenging open questions
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