Galectin-9 expression as a poor prognostic factor in patients with renal cell carcinoma
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Galectin‑9 expression as a poor prognostic factor in patients with renal cell carcinoma Ryosuke Jikuya1 · Takeshi Kishida1 · Masahiko Sakaguchi2 · Tomoyuki Yokose3 · Masato Yasui1 · Akihito Hashizume1 · Tomoyuki Tatenuma1 · Nobuhiko Mizuno1 · Kentaro Muraoka1 · Susumu Umemoto1 · Masaki Kawai1 · Mitsuyo Yoshihara2 · Yoshiyasu Nakamura2 · Yohei Miyagi2 · Tetsuro Sasada2,4 Received: 7 January 2020 / Accepted: 13 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Recently, the effectiveness of anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibody therapy in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been established. Nevertheless, efficacy has been reported to be limited to only 10–30% of patients. To develop more effective immunotherapy for RCC, we analyzed the immunological characteristics in RCC tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We prepared a tissue microarray that consisted of tumor tissue sections (1 mm in diameter) from 83 RCC patients in Kanagawa Cancer Center between 2006 and 2015. IHC analysis was performed with antibodies specific to immune-related (CD8 and Foxp3) and immune checkpoint (programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and 2 (PD-L2), B7-H4 and galectin-9) molecules. The numbers and proportions of positively stained tumor cells or immune cells were determined in each section. From multivariate analysis of all 83 patients, higher galectin-9 expression was detected as a factor associated with worse overall survival (OS) (P = 0.029) and that higher stage and higher B7-H4 expression were associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS) (P
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