Galen, Arabic
Galen of Pergamum (c. 129–c. 216) is one of the main authors of the Imperial period and the most influential medical writer in the medieval Greek, Latin, and Arabic worlds, as well as in the Renaissance. The translations of almost the whole of his work th
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Abstract Gabriel Biel (c. 1410–1495) was a theologian in Tu¨bingen and a leader among the Brethren of Common Life. He was the most widely known representative of the late medieval via moderna, which was much influenced by fourteenth century thought. He was the first professor of theology to teach via moderna at the University of Tu¨bingen, and he also had a remarkable influence on the Brethren of Common Life. Biel studied in Heidelberg, Erfurt, and Cologne. After graduation, he was a cathedral preacher in Mainz and joined the Brethren of Common Life before receiving a professorship of theology in Tu¨bingen. Biel’s main works consist of a commentary on the mass, Canonis missae expositio, and a Sentences commentary, Collectorium in quattuor libros Sententiarum. Both in philosophy and in theology, Biel was a close but not unoriginal follower of William of Ockham. Biel’s Sentences commentary is formally an abridgement of Ockham’s commentaries, but several other authorities, including Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, John Duns Scotus, Gregory of Rimini, Peter of Ailly, and John Gerson are cited extensively. In metaphysical and epistemological views, Biel closely followed Ockham, adopting his criticism of intelligible and sensory species, but rejecting his notion of multiplicity of substantial forms. Biel’s ethics was mostly inspired by Ockham, but also by Scotus and Gregory of Rimini. Gabriel Biel was born in Speyer in about 1410. He was already an ordained minister when, in 1432, he matriculated in the faculty of arts at the University of Heidelberg. There he received the baccalaureate degree in 1435 and the master’s degree in 1438. Thereafter, he served as a master in Heidelberg, but in 1451 he took up with study of
theology in Erfurt, where he matriculated in the faculty of arts. In 1453, Biel matriculated in the faculty of theology at the University of Cologne, but in 1457, he received a licentiate of theology in Erfurt, although he never earned a master’s degree. Soon after receiving the licentiate degree, Biel moved to Mainz, where he served as a cathedral preacher and vicar for several years. In the struggle over the see of Mainz, Biel sided with Adolf of Nassau, who was appointed as Archbishop by the Pope. In the course of the controversy, Biel even had to flee Mainz and subsequently wrote a treatise entitled Defense of the Apostolic Obedience. During his years as a cathedral preacher, Biel joined the order of the Brethren of Common Life and subsequently stayed in Brethren Houses at Marienthal, Butzbach, and Urach. During that time, he became an influential leader among the Brethren. In 1484, Biel was appointed as professor of theology at the University of Tu¨bingen and became the first professor to represent the via moderna on the theological faculty. In 1485 and 1489, Biel was elected Rector of the university. During his last years, Biel retired from academic life and served as provost of the Brethren House of St. Peter’s at Einsiedeln in Scho¨nbuch. There he died in 1495. The main corpus of Biel’s philosophical wr
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