Gaming Disorder Across the Lifespan: a Scoping Review of Longitudinal Studies
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GAMING (H-J RUMPF, SECTION EDITOR)
Gaming Disorder Across the Lifespan: a Scoping Review of Longitudinal Studies Jérémie Richard 1
&
Caroline E. Temcheff 1 & Jeffrey L. Derevensky 1
Accepted: 6 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of review Gaming disorder is a mental disorder characterized by impaired control over gaming behaviors resulting in the escalation of gaming despite significant negative consequences and functional impairments. This scoping review aims to synthesize empirical evidence for the development of gaming disorder based solely on extant findings from longitudinal studies. Recent findings Although research efforts investigating gaming disorder are expanding, there is a need to conceptualize this disorder from a developmental framework in order to identify trajectories of this disorder across the lifespan while accounting for both risk factors and consequences of GD. Summary The scoping review identified 57 research papers identifying antecedents (n = 33), consequences (n = 24), and variables having reciprocal relationships with GD (n = 9). The temporal stability of GD differed based on age and study duration, ranging from 20 to 84%. Commonly reported risk factors for GD include emotion dysregulation and negative self-esteem, with depressive symptoms, inattentive symptoms, and social isolation being reciprocally associated with GD. Consequences of GD include increases in anxiety and poor parental relationships and decreases in life satisfaction and academic performance. Overall, various psychosocial factors interact to influence the development of GD across the lifespan, while certain consequences may maintain GD symptomatology. Keywords Development . Longitudinal studies . Gaming disorder . Problem gaming . Review . Risk factors
Introduction Gaming disorder (GD) is an officially recognized mental disorder in the eleventh edition of the of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11; World Health Organization [WHO]) [1]. GD was first introduced as a disorder requiring further research in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA]) [2] with the proposed criteria for GD (referred to as “Internet gaming disorder”) being based on the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders and gambling disorder [2–4]. Since the publication This article is part of the Topical Collection on Gaming * Jérémie Richard [email protected] 1
International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, 3724 McTavish Street, Montreal, QC H3A 1Y2, Canada
of the DSM-5 [2], a substantial amount of research has gone into understanding GD and has resulted in the diagnostic criteria as outlined in the ICD-11 [1]. According to the WHO [1], GD is defined as a pattern of persistent or recurrent video gaming behavior over a period of at least 12 months that is characterized by an impaired control over gaming behaviors, increasing priority given to gaming, and a con
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