Ganoderma boninense mycelia for phytochemicals and secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity
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Ganoderma boninense mycelia for phytochemicals and secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity§ Syahriel Abdullah1†, Se-Eun Jang2†, Min-Kyu Kwak2*, and KhimPhin Chong1* 1
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2 Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Food and Nutrition Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea (Received Apr 17, 2020 / Revised Nov 10, 2020 / Accepted Nov 10, 2020)
Antiplasmodial nortriterpenes with 3,4-seco-27-norlanostane skeletons, almost entirely obtained from fruiting bodies, represent the main evidential source for bioactive secondary metabolites derived from a relatively unexplored phytopathogenic fungus, Ganoderma boninense. Currently lacking is convincing evidence for antimicrobial secondary metabolites in this pathogen, excluding that obtained from commonly observed phytochemicals in the plants. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate an efficient analytical approach for the production of antibacterial secondary metabolites using the mycelial extract of G. boninense. Three experimental cultures were prepared from fruiting bodies (GBFB), mycelium cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media (GBMA), and liquid broth (GBMB). Through solvent extraction, culture type-dependent phytochemical distributions were diversely exhibited. Water-extracted GBMB produced the highest yield (31.21 ± 0.61%, p < 0.05), but both GBFB and GBMA elicited remarkably higher yields than GBMB when polar-organic solvent extraction was employed. Greater quantities of phytochemicals were also obtained from GBFB and GBMA, in sharp contrast to those gleaned from GBMB. However, the highest antibacterial activity was observed in chloroform-extracted GBMA against all tested bacteria. From liquid-liquid extractions (LLE), it was seen that mycelia extraction with combined chloroform-methanol-water at a ratio of 1:1:1 was superior at detecting antibacterial activities with the most significant quantities of antibacterial compounds. The data demonstrate a novel means of assessing antibacterial compounds with mycelia by LLE which avoids the shortcomings of standardized methodologies. Additionally, the antibacterial extract from the mycelia demonstrate that previously unknown bioactive secondary metabolites of the less studied subsets of Gano†
These authors contributed equally to this work. *For correspondence. (M. K. Kwak) E-mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +8231-740-7418; Fax: +82-31-740-7370 / (K. P. Chong) E-mail: chongkp@ums. edu.my; Tel.: +60-88-320-000; Fax: +60-88-435-324 § Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://www.springerlink.com/content/120956. Copyright G2020, The Microbiological Society of Korea
derma may serve as active and potent antimicrobial compounds. Keywords: antibacterial activity, disc diffusion assay, Ganoderma boninense, Ganoderma mycelium, liquid-liquid extraction, phytochemical analysis, solvent extraction Introduction Ganoderma boninense is a bra
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