Gender and Entrepreneurship in Iran Microenterprise and the Informal
Iran is estimated to have the third largest informal sector in the MENA region a major source of income for many low-income households whose numbers are growing as sanctions tighten. Gender and Entrepreneurship in Iran provides insight into the role of in
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G e n d e r a n d E n t re p re n e u r s h i p in Iran Microenterprise and the Informal Sector
Roksana Bahramitash
GENDER AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN IRAN
Copyright © Roksana Bahramitash, 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-34286-7 All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-46541-5 ISBN 978-1-137-33923-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137339232
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bahramitash, Roksana, 1956– Gender and entrepreneurship in Iran : microenterprise and the informal sector / by Roksana Bahramitash. pages cm 1. Self-employed women—Iran. 2. Women—Iran—Employment. 3. Informal sector (Economics)—Iran. 4. Small business—Iran. 5. Entrepreneurship—Iran. I. Title. HD6072.6.I7B34 2013 331.40955—dc23
2013019244
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: October 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to my dear brother, Mr. Ramin Bahramitash, with my love and admiration for endurance.
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Contents
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction: Tehran
1
1
The Other Women and the Other Economy
21
2
Gender, Micro-Entrepreneurship, and the Informal Economy
43
Women’s Employment in Iran: Entering the Formal Sector
73
3 4
Low-Income Female Workers, Micro-Entrepreneurs, and the Informal Sector
101
Low-Income Male Workers and Micro-Entrepreneurs: Comparing the Male and Female Samples
149
Conclusion: Some Insight for Forward-Looking Initiatives
171
Appendix
189
Notes
197
References
203
Index
221
5
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Acknowledgments
This project started in 2008, after I finished my two recent books on Iran: Veiled Employment: Islamism and the Political Economy of Women’s Employment in Iran and Gender in Contemporary Iran. The idea for the book originated in fieldwork I carried out for my earlier books, when I saw that working mainly on the formal sector overlooks an important part of the story. And the value of firsthand data, especially on Iran, in my view, remains extremely critical to the field of sociology of development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The book has been a labor of love and has gone through several redrafts. As many of us who work on the MENA region and especially on Iran are aware, data on Iran become quickly outdated, and every single dra
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